分词是TOEEL必考内容,在历届试题中均占相当大的比例。分词的命题形式非常广泛。平均分布在written Expressions 和structure两部分。有时,即使分词不是题目焦点,但对分词的正确分析则可以帮助考生选择正确的答案。分词的命题要点集中在(1)分词的形容词特性、(2)分词短语作后置定语、(3) 现在分词和过去分词的主动与被动含义。, W. B* I2 ]6 u
分词常考题型及解题要点:
4 t3 b) A& N* [1 C# T3 k2 q 1. 分词具有形容词特征,可单独作定语或表语。' X0 {# M3 R+ [ w6 \# ?
全真例题分析
! e7 E; s* i' @4 I (1) The highly respect zoologist Ernest Just Joined the ruling board of the Marine Biological Laboratory in the 1930*s (93.1)8 B2 f& R& S& S7 X+ d9 H" f
[答案] B 动词respect用来修饰后面的名词zoologist,故应改用分词respected形式,其作用相当于形容词作定语。3 {1 n0 g9 l# |0 p
(2) A patent gives inventors exclusive rights to their inventions for a fix period of time. (90.1)3 {# i% L2 v b! X6 V& g0 u
[答] C 修饰保词period应用动词的分词形式,即fixed。
# H$ G7 ~- B8 m (3) Characteristics of Op Art are the carefully arrange hues and geometric patterns that create optical illusions. (88.5) `9 J7 c' e* g. t+ R/ G+ `
[答案] A 修饰名词hues,应用分词形式arranged。
( Y) u. s+ l( ` (4) The question of the origin of the Moon is interest not only in itself but also as a part of the larger genesis of the earth and the solar system . (88.5); R3 b2 e& o! E/ Z
[答案] B interest应用其分词interesting形式作表语,作用相当于一个形空词。
) X6 n. E( S3 ]- [& ? 2. 分词短语作定语,放置于中心名词后面
$ H, |: P0 v# T& s" a 解题要点 分词短语作后置定语在TOEEL考题中出现频率非常高。因而,考生务必熟记这一结构和用法。实际上,分词短语作后置定语。皆是定语从句的省略形式。
9 C1 }: T+ H4 d9 x7 ? 全真例题分析
* W5 m8 _) L# o" | (1) The leaves and stems of the aifaifa plant are the only parts of the plant -------
* `. Y' g' Y# }% B: n) G* n" f (A) the uses for livestock feed
7 j: C! G+ H: G3 p (B) for using livestock feed
! S0 r' ]! P* k: ~ (C) used for livestock feed
" }1 h1 A* y2 x: e3 Y2 k* ]: @ (D) they are used for livestock feed (93.1)2 X3 w( K% n* h, ^% \. _
[答案] C过去分词used + 介语短语组成的分词短语修饰前面的名词成分the only parts of the plant,作后置定语。此结构亦扩展为定语从句(that are ) used for livestock feed
3 F) n, } `9 q (2) The slide rule used sliding scales with marks ------- numbers and their logarithms.; D+ U- x- f4 T6 K* U: h
(A) representing
* L4 \ i$ e7 U2 l (B) represented
! W$ Z, ?% Z/ S y2 k (C) are represented& g9 _0 X' I2 O1 b6 ` o$ Y, x1 S
(D) they are representing (92.10)
1 N( ^, {/ U6 a) k7 S0 u, S [答案] A 分词短语作名词marks的后置定语,作用相当于一个定语从句:which represent numbers and their logarithms。
+ k) R5 U4 G- o F (3) Earlg philosophers believe that the mind was divided into three faculties ------- s feeling ,intellect and will
) l" s6 W: P& q) V6 M5 { (A) to know. o6 Q1 Y3 A3 k p- C* _
(B) known
' G( i. `: J4 j7 f0 e (C) knowing! n1 M: c6 ^, t+ r9 b" U# O3 ]) N
(D) knew them (94.1)0 ]" \5 Y6 }5 [6 G7 C) I
[答案] B分词短语known as…说明前面的名词three faculties。此结构可改写成定语从句。Which are known as…" @2 ~$ C' R6 W( \4 X- M4 n7 x8 n
(4) The bison know for the hump over its shoulders is usually called a buffalo in North America. (91.1)! p# D9 H \9 g1 ]9 I# U- R
[答案] A 此句主语是The bison ,谓语是系词is ,划线A部分应当为分词短语,修饰名词The bison .A应改为known for。6 Z& O9 P" N2 I+ E J- U' H$ z9 F
(5) Louisa May Alcott is chiefly remembered for Little Women. One of the most popular girls books ever wrote (88.5)1 ~$ v6 N y3 t5 l
[答案] D 修饰名词books应用分词生语ever written。5 F6 ]' ]4 b$ t/ G4 I
3. 分词短语作状语 `' `* Y P1 |$ E
解题要点 在句了意义非常清楚明确时,状语从句通常可以简略为分词短语,但有一个先决条件。此分词短语的逻辑主语应与句子的主语为同一人或物,此类分词短语通常置于句首。
" f4 Q) `9 ~; k 全真例题分析1 R h: \+ r1 H* @
(1) ------- as“the census taker of the sky”Annie Jump Cannon contributed considerably to the field of astronomy.
& O9 w* C5 L! B5 ^ (A) Known
& t; u5 }* ]8 ` (B) Knowing
3 G3 U- a% z9 @8 Y# A (C) To known
. _2 ^ g. m9 d j (D) Knowledge (92.5)$ Y' [( F! f4 |: X ~: d0 @
[答案] A 分词短语置于句首作表示身份的状语。它的逻辑主语即是句子的主语Annie Jump Cannon., U4 G! r/ P2 T
(2) ------- in 1635, the Boston Latin School is the oldest public school in the United States .
1 Z6 a& R4 ]. e$ m" \- N) s (A) Founded% s6 p" S- J, Y, `" i
(B) Founding3 A8 U. X3 b) d$ V9 Z
(C) To found
0 o# _0 ]1 z) \- i! e7 D$ ] F (D) Having founded (92.1)
9 F1 C6 _9 | p: T0 o7 f, L7 C [答案] A 分词短语表示时间,其逻辑主语即是句子主语The Boston Latin School.
# \, d6 i- |7 ^ (3) ------- the constitution of the Cherokee Nation provided for a chief executive, a senate, and a house of representatives.) D1 Z& i& S8 C, l) |4 `7 G" l$ f
(A) In 1827 they drafted( G; z; u' t/ J* _6 ~4 N
(B) The draft in 1827! L7 z6 n& N+ i# }+ K l6 r" G
(C) In 1872 was drafted& u2 L7 [! y; P$ O J
(D) Drafted in 1827 (90.5). w V, n. H: N: c
[答案] D分词短语作状语,表示时间。此结构可扩展为一状语从句;where the constitution of the Cherokee Nation was drafted in 1827 it provided for a chief executive a senate, and a house of representatives.
, W- S m4 w2 K" b$ m9 S 4. 现在分词表达主动的概念;过去分词表达被动的概念( f, [4 u d4 C
全真例题分析
! J/ Q$ v: X) l: A0 l (1) Tudging to be the best boxer of his time, sugar Ray Robinson lost only 3 out of 137 fights (94.1)7 ?& A. }0 \! e
[答案] A 此分词短语与其逻辑上的主语sugar Ray Robinson 是被动的关系(Sugar was judged to be…) 故应用过去词Tudped to be./ n) z) H% U+ ?6 y
(2) During the Colonial days, the Iroquois had an agricultural economy basing mainly on corn with supplementary crops of pumpkins ,beans, and tobacco. (92.1)/ ^ w- _! C) p4 g% J2 Q
[答案] B通常我们说to be based on ,这个短语表示被动概念(基于,以…为基础),所以应改用过去分词based。
( w: t8 [1 X! {% B& o4 O6 V0 W (3) Per capita income is a nation*s entire income dividing by the number of people in the nation. (90.10)& F5 _7 W. m. K' G7 A
[答案] B根据句意及分词dividing后面的介词by,可以推断这个分词短语表达的是被动的概念,因此,应用过去分词divided by。' S% U" x2 V9 v( r
(4) Clementine Hunter*s primitive paintings have been exhibited at various galleries. Included one at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington. D.C. (93.1)* n4 Q8 `# f) [4 R' ~
[答案] D 分词in cluded与其逻辑的主语paintings并无被动的关系,不应用过去分词,应改为惯用现在分词短语in cluding + 名词宾语的结构。 |