托福语法辅导：分词及真题解析

会计考友

　　分词是TOEEL必考内容，在历届试题中均占相当大的比例。分词的命题形式非常广泛。平均分布在written Expressions 和structure两部分。有时，即使分词不是题目焦点，但对分词的正确分析则可以帮助考生选择正确的答案。分词的命题要点集中在（1）分词的形容词特性、（2）分词短语作后置定语、（3） 现在分词和过去分词的主动与被动含义。
　　分词常考题型及解题要点：
　　1. 分词具有形容词特征，可单独作定语或表语。
　　全真例题分析
　　(1) The highly respect zoologist Ernest Just Joined the ruling board of the Marine Biological Laboratory in the 1930*s (93.1)
$ V9 B8 v# \( a1 L0 \5 n　　[答案] B 动词respect用来修饰后面的名词zoologist，故应改用分词respected形式，其作用相当于形容词作定语。
　　(2) A patent gives inventors exclusive rights to their inventions for a fix period of time. (90.1)
　　[答] C 修饰保词period应用动词的分词形式，即fixed。
1 Y+ j! E" g) t9 V( I/ g$ @: e　　(3) Characteristics of Op Art are the carefully arrange hues and geometric patterns that create optical illusions. (88.5)
; \  B* A* N0 O; k) _0 Q　　[答案] A 修饰名词hues，应用分词形式arranged。
　　(4) The question of the origin of the Moon is interest not only in itself but also as a part of the larger genesis of the earth and the solar system . (88.5)
　　[答案] B interest应用其分词interesting形式作表语，作用相当于一个形空词。
' e) O5 T5 ~$ I0 _　　2. 分词短语作定语，放置于中心名词后面
4 m, u. w: U3 t+ L6 @2 S9 \& k　　解题要点 分词短语作后置定语在TOEEL考题中出现频率非常高。因而，考生务必熟记这一结构和用法。实际上，分词短语作后置定语。皆是定语从句的省略形式。
# ]" _/ l2 o' t. [　　全真例题分析
. F8 L. ]  F( E0 H5 e( Q, B; r5 z　　(1) The leaves and stems of the aifaifa plant are the only parts of the plant -------
　　(A) the uses for livestock feed
　　(B) for using livestock feed
　　(C) used for livestock feed
　　(D) they are used for livestock feed (93.1)
　　[答案] C过去分词used + 介语短语组成的分词短语修饰前面的名词成分the only parts of the plant，作后置定语。此结构亦扩展为定语从句(that are ) used for livestock feed
　　(2) The slide rule used sliding scales with marks ------- numbers and their logarithms.
　　(A) representing
　　(B) represented
) q- X& K! y* u; ^0 Q　　(C) are represented
　　(D) they are representing (92.10)
9 b3 v! t. A7 j2 |3 j- B; b  N　　[答案] A 分词短语作名词marks的后置定语，作用相当于一个定语从句：which represent numbers and their logarithms。
　　(3) Earlg philosophers believe that the mind was divided into three faculties ------- s feeling ,intellect and will
) ^, @1 d& y: z- m2 U3 Z7 @　　(A) to know
　　(B) known
% ?/ ?/ r1 H) B0 \8 A% L/ S4 P/ l/ ?! u　　(C) knowing
　　(D) knew them (94.1)
　　[答案] B分词短语known as…说明前面的名词three faculties。此结构可改写成定语从句。Which are known as…
　　(4) The bison know for the hump over its shoulders is usually called a buffalo in North America. (91.1)
2 n( Q4 _& S. Y2 V　　[答案] A 此句主语是The bison ,谓语是系词is ,划线A部分应当为分词短语，修饰名词The bison .A应改为known for。
　　(5) Louisa May Alcott is chiefly remembered for Little Women. One of the most popular girls books ever wrote (88.5)
8 S- F- R4 U4 q　　[答案] D 修饰名词books应用分词生语ever written。
　　3. 分词短语作状语
8 p4 E" X) F5 `　　解题要点 在句了意义非常清楚明确时，状语从句通常可以简略为分词短语，但有一个先决条件。此分词短语的逻辑主语应与句子的主语为同一人或物，此类分词短语通常置于句首。
0 _/ p! s- H6 A( m" k- m5 f　　全真例题分析
　　(1) ------- as“the census taker of the sky”Annie Jump Cannon contributed considerably to the field of astronomy.
　　(A) Known
0 G, N# `7 O5 v0 c$ |. h　　(B) Knowing
　　(C) To known
　　(D) Knowledge (92.5)
　　[答案] A 分词短语置于句首作表示身份的状语。它的逻辑主语即是句子的主语Annie Jump Cannon.
　　(2) ------- in 1635, the Boston Latin School is the oldest public school in the United States .
　　(A) Founded
; M  o5 _" v# ^- F5 s' x( f6 o: b　　(B) Founding
2 h9 b  Z3 U: H' Z! L. p　　(C) To found
　　(D) Having founded (92.1)
! r+ J. x/ I( r  L1 [: {* y8 P　　[答案] A 分词短语表示时间，其逻辑主语即是句子主语The Boston Latin School.
　　(3) ------- the constitution of the Cherokee Nation provided for a chief executive, a senate, and a house of representatives.
+ Z+ i6 e; _: u: _8 a! t$ `: M　　(A) In 1827 they drafted
　　(B) The draft in 1827
　　(C) In 1872 was drafted
$ [* L! f$ C& u$ r* Z4 P7 H" ]　　(D) Drafted in 1827 (90.5)
, B5 W! ^1 O3 E6 E7 o4 s　　[答案] D分词短语作状语，表示时间。此结构可扩展为一状语从句；where the constitution of the Cherokee Nation was drafted in 1827 it provided for a chief executive a senate, and a house of representatives.
, x. M  q$ O4 j5 J　　4. 现在分词表达主动的概念；过去分词表达被动的概念
　　全真例题分析
5 s# @+ x5 q0 Z! B7 l　　(1) Tudging to be the best boxer of his time, sugar Ray Robinson lost only 3 out of 137 fights (94.1)
　　[答案] A 此分词短语与其逻辑上的主语sugar Ray Robinson 是被动的关系（Sugar was judged to be…) 故应用过去词Tudped to be.
+ x: E0 q* h2 ]　　(2) During the Colonial days, the Iroquois had an agricultural economy basing mainly on corn with supplementary crops of pumpkins ,beans, and tobacco. (92.1)
' O# L+ a/ n3 C/ p0 C5 R0 S　　[答案] B通常我们说to be based on ，这个短语表示被动概念（基于，以…为基础），所以应改用过去分词based。
8 ?& M  X, Y0 b# s% U9 O1 }　　(3) Per capita income is a nation*s entire income dividing by the number of people in the nation. (90.10)
　　[答案] B根据句意及分词dividing后面的介词by，可以推断这个分词短语表达的是被动的概念，因此，应用过去分词divided by。
) D# d) T. v; o7 k3 f　　(4) Clementine Hunter*s primitive paintings have been exhibited at various galleries. Included one at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington. D.C. (93.1)
" R8 \' r# C2 q# O. s7 Z+ x　　[答案] D 分词in cluded与其逻辑的主语paintings并无被动的关系，不应用过去分词，应改为惯用现在分词短语in cluding + 名词宾语的结构。