2011年托福考试备考资料：语法笔记(1)

会计考友

　　1. Most doctors of the Colonial period believed _______ was caused by an imbalance of humors in the body. 　　A. in disease
　　B. that disease
　　C. of disease
　　D. about disease
　　答案：B
　　分析：动词believe 的用法：直接加that引导的宾语从句。这里that为连接adv.，在句中不作任何成分，其后接完整句。
& H/ J  i' N# D3 G! a9 i　　参考译文：大多数殖民时期的医生认为疾病来源人体内不平衡的体液。
　　2. In 1976 Sarah Caldwell became _________ at the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City.
- {' P' a" M0 x/ e) D: W* C" a　　A. she was the first woman to conduct
& g, [  {7 u4 W- B+ K% a　　B. the first woman conductor
3 Q0 L0 h4 S' B# e; c　　C. the woman was first conducting
$ [. w) d' [( u5 B0 l　　D. the woman conducts first
　　答案：B
1 N; @, V6 A* o5 ?' b　　分析：缺宾语，答案中只有B，D可以作宾语，但D的语序不对。
8 _  W3 M  r" h- ^  t　　参考译文：1976，Sarah Caldwell成为在第一个在纽约Metropolitan Opera House演出的演奏家。
　　补充： 常考 the first/second/… one to do sth
　　3. On January 7， 1955， Marian Anderson became _________ to sing a major role at New York City's Metropolitan Opera House.
　　A. the first African American
　　B. the first African American was
$ z& f1 h& x; ^: ?' d3 h　　C. she was the first African American
　　D. when the first African American
　　答案：A
0 u' x% N% d- W! N( P: j　　分析：缺宾语，C， D都不能作宾语。一句话中只能有一个谓语，而B中有was，句中出现两个谓语，一定错。
　　参考译文：1955年1月7号，Marian Anderson成为在第一个在纽约Metropolitan Opera House担任主唱的美籍黑人。
0 m6 S, J9 ?$ V9 L　　4. Perhaps the most significant postwar trend was the decentralization of cities throughout the United States， _________ when massive highway-building programs permitted greater suburban growth.
+ k7 |5 h1 k. Y: s! d　　A. and accelerated a phenomenon
$ W( g" k% L8 R; \5 A　　B. a phenomenon that accelerated
　　C. accelerating a phenomenon which，
- z' y* D# q3 x/ G) X& E; b　　D. the acceleration of which phenomenon
　　答案：B
. M! i0 C' e. _/ C3 A4 n# g　　分析：考的是同位语结构，a phenomenon是 the decentralization of cities throughout the United States 的同位语。A中and为conj.，后面应该连接一个完整的句子，但缺主语，错;C中语序混乱，错; D中of which作为介词宾语，后面应该接一个完整句，但只有一个phenomenon主语，句子不完整，错。
　　参考译文：可能战后最重大的趋势就是美国城市的分散化，当大规模高速公路建设项目容许了更大程度的发展郊区，这个现象更被促进了。
  m; S7 n% P* W) z$ h3 `0 m　　补充： accelerate/ accomplish/ achieve/ evolve都可以是vi.不接宾语
　　5. Ronald Reagan had served two terms as governor of California before _________ President.
　　A. he became
9 [* S  x3 w) Z1 ^; Q　　B. when becoming
　　C. became
　　D. did he become
　　答案：A
　　分析：before为状语从句引导词conj，后面一般引导一个完整的句子。B同时出现两个状语从句引导词，错;C缺主语;D应该为正常语序，选项中使用了倒装句式，错。
3 G: i9 r" i) f+ R
　　参考译文：里根在成为美国总统之前连续两届担任加州的州长。

会计考友

</p>　　6. _________， domesticated grapes grow in clusters， range in color from pale green to black， and contain sugar in varying quantities.
5 g. O7 x! J, V5 R4 c5 |　　A. Their botanical classification as berries
　　B. Although their botanical classification as berries
" r4 u/ s( A0 r4 H　　C. Because berries being their botanical classification
+ Q5 Z6 T2 l4 M8 z% w( I　　D. Classified botanically as berries
, W& ^5 @7 G  T- R0 D　　答案：D
9 U( g6 d. ?) C! s( ?3 g- z　　分析：句子的主语是grapes ， 后面是平行结构grow…， range…， and contain…。空格后的句子已完整，那么空格处就应该是同位语，状语从句，分词等修饰成分。A中Their指代不明，而且classification和berries也不相符，错;B中Although为conj.，后面应该是完整句，错;C中Because为conj.，后面应该是完整句，错。
4 o3 a. z; g+ J　　参考译文：培植的葡萄的植物分类跟浆果是一样的，它们成串的长在树上，颜色从灰白色到黑色，并且包含由不同数量的糖份。
　　7. The cymbal is ________ in the military band and is also frequently used in modern orchestral music.
, f+ E5 A: a$ e  @1 M　　A. a basic instrument
　　B. basic instrument
　　C. how basic an instrument it is
& `% s5 H% d9 B) R4 C1 E& b9 }　　D. as an instrument is basic
　　答案：A
$ S7 ^+ t* @5 D* D& r) J! j$ a　　分析：instrument可数，前面应该有限定词a.and前为一简单句。
; T+ _7 `( {, c  W3 J  v2 R' T　　参考译文：铙钹在军乐队里是一个基本的乐器，而且还经常在现代管弦乐里使用。
% ^. W( W9 a0 N7 j7 V, V* E　　8. In instrumentalist philosophy， ideas and knowledge are exclusively functional processes： they are of significance only _________ instrumental in the development of experience.
　　A. as they are
　　B. are they
4 Y$ A5 i& J# H6 r6 W1 T, c; y) o　　C. there are
0 \7 M) t; K* _- ]　　D. are
, U4 M! b& T) `9 ^9 M　　答案：A
　　分析：两个谓语需要有一个conj.来连接。一个句子中出现2个谓语且没有连接词就一定错。
　　参考译文：在乐器演奏家的哲学里面，思想和知识是专有排外性的功能性的过程。他们的重要意义仅限于在经验发展的过程中，用于乐器演奏。
　　9. _________ either by cooling or by depriving the fire of oxygen， and most do both.
. }/ j; z. U* \& `% o　　A. Working fire extinguishers
9 M# }4 v" L- v/ N7 R( j# X9 ]　　B. Fire extinguishers that work
　　C. Fire extinguishers work
　　D. The work of fire extinguishers
, }0 J3 I! D4 u" d4 E/ G+ _　　答案：C
3 }& f0 g1 E/ u- I1 s6 L　　分析：空格中缺主谓。A中没有谓语;B中that多余，因为句中只有一个谓语;D也没有谓语。
　　参考译文：灭火器的通过冷却或者减少火中的氧气的方法工作的，大多数时候两个方法都会用到。
  c  e. V2 B+ M: |$ ~1 }* L7 ^　　10. The introduction of mass-production methods enabled many people _________ and gave them an unprecedented amount of mobility.
/ j8 ~$ w" g( H% j: e" V　　A. to purchase their own automobiles
8 Z# |. X! @5 b+ F: ]% b* T! s　　B. their own to purchase automobiles
　　C. to their own purchase automobiles
　　D. own their automobiles to purchase
# c& C9 D$ l, w6 ?6 p　　答案：A
9 y, c$ p8 O' i+ P0 b2 C　　分析：为固定结构enable sb to do sth.
0 o8 O. D8 L0 W8 A/ u　　参考译文：规模生产方法的产生，使得人们能够买自己的车，并获得了空前的灵活性。