2011年托福考试备考资料：语法笔记(1)

会计考友

　　1. Most doctors of the Colonial period believed _______ was caused by an imbalance of humors in the body. 　　A. in disease
; W6 ~+ ~- H, Z　　B. that disease
& E! B8 i5 v$ J% Z　　C. of disease
/ f0 e' i5 N/ K/ V2 M　　D. about disease
$ ]% A. R  O, ]3 I8 F　　答案：B
) S6 s9 u. B  W3 r+ s% j　　分析：动词believe 的用法：直接加that引导的宾语从句。这里that为连接adv.，在句中不作任何成分，其后接完整句。
　　参考译文：大多数殖民时期的医生认为疾病来源人体内不平衡的体液。
　　2. In 1976 Sarah Caldwell became _________ at the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City.
  h% S% ^: N" i　　A. she was the first woman to conduct
　　B. the first woman conductor
" F5 C. i+ x5 J) i( Q8 D& \# P　　C. the woman was first conducting
$ A+ B, @; ~6 U& L# {" L  _# Q4 R　　D. the woman conducts first
　　答案：B
, d/ ]1 B: F6 d3 J7 D　　分析：缺宾语，答案中只有B，D可以作宾语，但D的语序不对。
; I: R: ]5 S8 P5 r　　参考译文：1976，Sarah Caldwell成为在第一个在纽约Metropolitan Opera House演出的演奏家。
　　补充： 常考 the first/second/… one to do sth
3 u* @- E, j" |: X　　3. On January 7， 1955， Marian Anderson became _________ to sing a major role at New York City's Metropolitan Opera House.
　　A. the first African American
) F' r* m* ?1 y; u" Z2 i- @　　B. the first African American was
　　C. she was the first African American
　　D. when the first African American
; g; o" ?1 H1 P　　答案：A
　　分析：缺宾语，C， D都不能作宾语。一句话中只能有一个谓语，而B中有was，句中出现两个谓语，一定错。
　　参考译文：1955年1月7号，Marian Anderson成为在第一个在纽约Metropolitan Opera House担任主唱的美籍黑人。
　　4. Perhaps the most significant postwar trend was the decentralization of cities throughout the United States， _________ when massive highway-building programs permitted greater suburban growth.
　　A. and accelerated a phenomenon
" {" {9 L& A/ M+ `1 L' @9 @　　B. a phenomenon that accelerated
( D( u3 d. _* g# i7 X! W　　C. accelerating a phenomenon which，
　　D. the acceleration of which phenomenon
　　答案：B
　　分析：考的是同位语结构，a phenomenon是 the decentralization of cities throughout the United States 的同位语。A中and为conj.，后面应该连接一个完整的句子，但缺主语，错;C中语序混乱，错; D中of which作为介词宾语，后面应该接一个完整句，但只有一个phenomenon主语，句子不完整，错。
　　参考译文：可能战后最重大的趋势就是美国城市的分散化，当大规模高速公路建设项目容许了更大程度的发展郊区，这个现象更被促进了。
) C; u" `6 M3 S; |/ u0 h3 }- _1 [& C　　补充： accelerate/ accomplish/ achieve/ evolve都可以是vi.不接宾语
* ~$ F- u! ]7 Z  r/ g; N% W! B　　5. Ronald Reagan had served two terms as governor of California before _________ President.
) [" S2 |/ k5 v' t0 x/ s　　A. he became
　　B. when becoming
　　C. became
( I; i" [5 P! ~& _. d- x& ~* B　　D. did he become
　　答案：A
/ f, O4 z4 `% R$ B9 c7 O6 p　　分析：before为状语从句引导词conj，后面一般引导一个完整的句子。B同时出现两个状语从句引导词，错;C缺主语;D应该为正常语序，选项中使用了倒装句式，错。

. |4 f3 w0 `" m) e! w　　参考译文：里根在成为美国总统之前连续两届担任加州的州长。

会计考友

</p>　　6. _________， domesticated grapes grow in clusters， range in color from pale green to black， and contain sugar in varying quantities.
　　A. Their botanical classification as berries
　　B. Although their botanical classification as berries
　　C. Because berries being their botanical classification
　　D. Classified botanically as berries
6 W0 ]( y4 Q5 Z9 m$ g2 h. `　　答案：D
　　分析：句子的主语是grapes ， 后面是平行结构grow…， range…， and contain…。空格后的句子已完整，那么空格处就应该是同位语，状语从句，分词等修饰成分。A中Their指代不明，而且classification和berries也不相符，错;B中Although为conj.，后面应该是完整句，错;C中Because为conj.，后面应该是完整句，错。
　　参考译文：培植的葡萄的植物分类跟浆果是一样的，它们成串的长在树上，颜色从灰白色到黑色，并且包含由不同数量的糖份。
( T; n/ E0 V' [# `7 k; A9 R　　7. The cymbal is ________ in the military band and is also frequently used in modern orchestral music.
& x, o4 l$ ?3 b  a: [　　A. a basic instrument
　　B. basic instrument
8 E. f1 y1 @: B* e# w) l　　C. how basic an instrument it is
* b. c, Q3 j7 T+ ^* E　　D. as an instrument is basic
　　答案：A
2 o2 j/ a* s0 _0 F: ]& o3 T1 ?1 S　　分析：instrument可数，前面应该有限定词a.and前为一简单句。
　　参考译文：铙钹在军乐队里是一个基本的乐器，而且还经常在现代管弦乐里使用。
2 P2 l: Q% P( _& p　　8. In instrumentalist philosophy， ideas and knowledge are exclusively functional processes： they are of significance only _________ instrumental in the development of experience.
* Q2 z6 e* L4 j$ t　　A. as they are
" d% a5 e, ~4 E) g* F　　B. are they
　　C. there are
　　D. are
( O8 D1 E" F1 x# d- w　　答案：A
　　分析：两个谓语需要有一个conj.来连接。一个句子中出现2个谓语且没有连接词就一定错。
　　参考译文：在乐器演奏家的哲学里面，思想和知识是专有排外性的功能性的过程。他们的重要意义仅限于在经验发展的过程中，用于乐器演奏。
　　9. _________ either by cooling or by depriving the fire of oxygen， and most do both.
. @- C; Y' x/ _3 p, @* K; g4 o　　A. Working fire extinguishers
; a! w% W) ~, r  L! s　　B. Fire extinguishers that work
　　C. Fire extinguishers work
　　D. The work of fire extinguishers
　　答案：C
　　分析：空格中缺主谓。A中没有谓语;B中that多余，因为句中只有一个谓语;D也没有谓语。
　　参考译文：灭火器的通过冷却或者减少火中的氧气的方法工作的，大多数时候两个方法都会用到。
　　10. The introduction of mass-production methods enabled many people _________ and gave them an unprecedented amount of mobility.
- z( B4 S$ c$ }  v- Y　　A. to purchase their own automobiles
　　B. their own to purchase automobiles
　　C. to their own purchase automobiles
　　D. own their automobiles to purchase
1 S. Z4 @8 d! i8 M　　答案：A
0 H3 `1 f6 k# N3 N8 ^$ w0 b5 T9 Y5 }　　分析：为固定结构enable sb to do sth.
! H% g' E1 y, h　　参考译文：规模生产方法的产生，使得人们能够买自己的车，并获得了空前的灵活性。