2011托福语法：真题要点解析之平行结构

会计考友

1. 含并列连词and but or的平行结构
% x( z( L) c2 B9 k. R9 r; x: e　　解题要点 当上述并列连词连接两项或多项对等成分时，这些成分必须同词性、同形式。特别注意出现三项以上（含三项）的并列成分，多是考试焦点。
9 P+ a1 l" [7 i6 T- b) Z　　全真例题分析
- c/ p+ g% N9 f0 C　　(1) Quartz may be transparency, translucent, or opaque, and it may be colorless or colored (91.5)
* ~1 N5 G- L" O3 D2 ], \6 c$ P- K　　[答案] A 并列连词or连接三项，其中两项为形容词translucent与opaque，故（A）应用形容词transparent与之并列。
5 @. x  q" o2 _- |　　(2) At the age of 94. Composer, conductor. Arranger. And acting Eva Jessye led her choral group in the first production of the opera porgy and Bess, written in 1935. (92.1)
/ ], |1 O: a$ }4 H2 p　　[答案] A 并列连词and连接四项表示身份职业的名词，故（A）动名词应改为actress。
/ H' C( m& N. l　　(3) Atrophy is a decrease in size of a cell, organ, tissues, or other part of the body such as (91.10)
' P* A. j) k" D' t  e1 d　　[答案] C 并列连词or连接四项名词结构，其中cell 和organ皆为单数形式，故（C）亦应改为单数tissue。
　　(4) Direct mail advertising serves to acquaint customers with Products, alert them to new opportunities, and paving the way for other sales activities (93.1)
" f4 U$ m$ ]  {. Y! \+ ]! R　　[答案] C 并列连词and连接三项动宾结构，前两项均为动词原形，故（C）动名词亦应改为原形动词pave.
6 g7 V- i6 x6 v, m& V: v0 r9 u　　(5) A majority of the reports received from people claiming to have seen the lengendaiy Loch Ness monster have proven to be mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. (93.10)
6 m0 }7 F- B' K; B5 H3 M- h　　[答案] D 并列连词or连接三项成分。前两项均为名词，故（D）不应出现句子结构，而应改为名词tricks与前面的mistakes和misconceptions平行。
　　(6) The tongue is capable of many motions and configurations and plays vital rode in chewing, swallowed and speaking.
　　[答案] D 并列连词and连接三个单词。其中两项均为动名词，故（D）亦应改为动名词swallowing。
+ t2 H1 v) ?% `　　2. 比较级句型要求对比双方结构对等，比较范围相当。
# A& S$ \) o8 d* i　　全真列题分析
$ p; i8 k0 a4 u/ Z1 f) n. Z3 Q　　(1) Probably no man had more effcet on the daily lives of most people in the United States ------- Henry Ford. A pioneer in automobile production.
　　(A) as was
( h: L9 {4 Y2 Y6 A+ t2 w　　(B) than was
5 R! z. ?& s( o  v1 ]: S　　(C) than did
+ @/ s7 \. `- T2 G9 @3 f! p　　(D) as did (92.8)
5 X0 Y/ t$ ^: w　　[答案] C 比较句型 more…than 要求比较的双方结构相等。前项是实义动词的过去时形式had，故选（C）than did与之平行。
　　(2) The state of Maine generally has cooler temperatures than -------
1 o5 J( ?& r2 O  P8 G& X, W. q　　(A) there are most other states
- F: [* J; t* d- o" b　　(B) most other states which have
　　(C) most other states have
+ L7 Y* W2 v1 F4 T/ I. N4 H9 m! w　　(D) having most other states (93.10)
　　[答案] C 这是标准的more…than比较句型。只有（C）的句子结构与相对比的前一项完全一致。
　　(3) The annual worth of Utah*s manufacturing is greater than-------
) g% Z: h$ A8 l2 p　　(A) that of its mining and farming combined
6 q& C+ [" d6 y! V% q, F, u/ b, {　　(B) mining and farming combination
6 h, v+ _! G% n4 z! b" H& A0 W. W　　(C) that mining and farming combined
　　(D) of its combination mining and farming (91.8)
0 G! o5 F8 Q! H0 ^6 E　　[答案] A 此句比较的是utah的年产值（the annual worth) （A）中that即代替了the annual worth，故前后比较的范围，内容一致。
　　

会计考友

(4) The activities of the international marketing researcher are frequently much broader than-------
　　(A) the domestic marketer has
0 [+ Y  @7 c2 l! p1 P0 Y8 m　　(B) the domestic marketer does
2 q( P% }1 f8 D$ x4 Z& j　　(C) those of the domestic marketer
　　(D) that which has the domestic marketer (91.5)
' v" U9 x. Y1 {3 c3 ~　　[答案] C 此句比较的是国际市场研究者与国内市场研究者的活动（the activities) 为避免同词重复，用（C）those来代替前面的名词the activities ,因而对比双方比较的范围是平行相等的。
' i/ R' o, Y- L- K0 V8 X　　(5) Fructose is a monosaccharide sugar that is much sweeter -------
: R9 t6 z; `* L; [' ?　　(A) than cane sugar does
# E6 H3 H; k" X1 L) n　　(B) does cane sugar
　　(C) cane sugar
　　(D) than cane sugar (90.5)
5 x' F+ Z8 ^1 c4 Q/ J　　[答案] D 此比较句型前半部分主系表结构，后半部不可出现助动词does（答案A及B），但可省略系词，如（D）。</p>　　3. 比较句型 the +比较级…the＋比较级要求前后结构相等。
$ `4 N" O; G/ p# Z# v8 d: a　　全真例题分析
  d& l4 b* J- Y　　(1) The flatter a hair appears under a microscope ------- wavier it is.
1 X. ?# C. n6 ]* t　　(A) although
　　(B) which
( h4 _( f* n+ C6 L　　(C) and
% m) d  k6 _# f- r5 D  r2 P　　(D) the (92.1)
　　[答案] D The flatter a hair appears 与（D）the wavier it is 是完全对等的结构。
　　比较级 主语 谓语动词 比较级 主语 系动词
- `. Q6 H! \  B6 @+ T5 U" A　　(2) The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ------- to the body.
9 _0 s$ w; T  m4 v( Q　　(A) the stress it is greater
+ ^) }8 H5 a/ ?* |. n: W　　(B) greater is the stress
, W7 r1 T. q# R8 h$ @: [5 G　　(C) greater stress is
; L0 u$ Q' v: u9 `　　(D) the greater the stress (90.1)
　　[答案] D The less the surface 与答案（D） the greater the stress 是完全对等的结构。
　　4. 语意上的平行结构
　　解题要点 有一些词和短语表达比较的概念，尽管不是比较级句型，但同样要求前后对比双方同形式，同性质。
& c$ U5 {/ \$ ~( @1 D3 z1 F4 o6 L　　全真例题分析
# P. L) P7 _" D, G. _3 s; P　　(1) Alexander Graham Bell once told his family that he would rather of the deaf ------- of the telephone.
) w1 n* j4 b; B　　(A) than inventing
　　(B) than as the inventor
; ?. S' @# k8 A　　(C) the invention
+ ]6 W$ {1 V8 p( R4 Q0 J　　(D) as the inventor (90.8)
　　[答案] B 表示比较概念的短语would rather …than应使用平行结构。
0 {0 M, B- O: J4 }! a　　(2) Thomas Jefferson*s achievements as an architect rival his contributions ------- a politician.
4 R5 }" Z8 n! p8 J+ g　　(A) such
　　(B) more
  m6 _4 A( E8 \5 n/ Z　　(C) as
2 x8 n. P+ p% P1 _, C& a　　(D) than (90.1)
3 Q6 }* p: W' a  b　　[答案] C 动词rival （比得上）要求比较二项结构相等。
  u  a4 L$ f. c* O/ _　　(3) California*s agricultural supremacy dates from 1947. When its farm output first ------- any other state.
　　(A) that exceeded
　　(B) exceeded that
* E$ K% N4 h+ r- r; S( A　　(C) exceeded that of
+ X$ m; O% _0 v) M4 j　　(D) that exceeded of (92.10)
　　[答案] C 动词exceeded （超过）要求比较的内容相当。（C）代词that用以指代比较的内容“farm output”
! G& f9 D/ \7 W8 r# Z　　(4) It is common lcnowledge that a flash of lightning is seen before a clap of thunder heard . (93.5)
- s+ |3 B4 X) W7 |0 G; i　　[答案] D 连词 be fore用以引出先后发生的两个动作。从句意上看。这两个动作是对比关系，故应用平行结构。（D）改为a clap of thunder is heard ,与a flash of lightning is seen 相平衡。