2011托福语法：真题要点解析之平行结构

会计考友

1. 含并列连词and but or的平行结构
　　解题要点 当上述并列连词连接两项或多项对等成分时，这些成分必须同词性、同形式。特别注意出现三项以上（含三项）的并列成分，多是考试焦点。
& b( f- q$ _7 ?, }$ r　　全真例题分析
* E& ^5 _6 J( |% k- t, e# U" a7 |　　(1) Quartz may be transparency, translucent, or opaque, and it may be colorless or colored (91.5)
8 I8 W3 A: Z3 ~) X3 I- [, x8 [$ n　　[答案] A 并列连词or连接三项，其中两项为形容词translucent与opaque，故（A）应用形容词transparent与之并列。
　　(2) At the age of 94. Composer, conductor. Arranger. And acting Eva Jessye led her choral group in the first production of the opera porgy and Bess, written in 1935. (92.1)
　　[答案] A 并列连词and连接四项表示身份职业的名词，故（A）动名词应改为actress。
　　(3) Atrophy is a decrease in size of a cell, organ, tissues, or other part of the body such as (91.10)
　　[答案] C 并列连词or连接四项名词结构，其中cell 和organ皆为单数形式，故（C）亦应改为单数tissue。
　　(4) Direct mail advertising serves to acquaint customers with Products, alert them to new opportunities, and paving the way for other sales activities (93.1)
　　[答案] C 并列连词and连接三项动宾结构，前两项均为动词原形，故（C）动名词亦应改为原形动词pave.
　　(5) A majority of the reports received from people claiming to have seen the lengendaiy Loch Ness monster have proven to be mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. (93.10)
6 ?$ Z+ x1 u& c' @4 ]6 H2 m　　[答案] D 并列连词or连接三项成分。前两项均为名词，故（D）不应出现句子结构，而应改为名词tricks与前面的mistakes和misconceptions平行。
　　(6) The tongue is capable of many motions and configurations and plays vital rode in chewing, swallowed and speaking.
　　[答案] D 并列连词and连接三个单词。其中两项均为动名词，故（D）亦应改为动名词swallowing。
　　2. 比较级句型要求对比双方结构对等，比较范围相当。
　　全真列题分析
　　(1) Probably no man had more effcet on the daily lives of most people in the United States ------- Henry Ford. A pioneer in automobile production.
5 L0 R7 m1 F) e" W$ `　　(A) as was
　　(B) than was
  x9 L2 [* Z9 L9 ?　　(C) than did
　　(D) as did (92.8)
. `0 Z) U3 ]* B. R8 E　　[答案] C 比较句型 more…than 要求比较的双方结构相等。前项是实义动词的过去时形式had，故选（C）than did与之平行。
　　(2) The state of Maine generally has cooler temperatures than -------
　　(A) there are most other states
4 Q6 }; v/ i; `$ n% M0 `7 Q  M　　(B) most other states which have
　　(C) most other states have
　　(D) having most other states (93.10)
　　[答案] C 这是标准的more…than比较句型。只有（C）的句子结构与相对比的前一项完全一致。
　　(3) The annual worth of Utah*s manufacturing is greater than-------
　　(A) that of its mining and farming combined
: k% N* V1 ^7 ]8 R, j+ S+ U　　(B) mining and farming combination
" x% U, A3 |# L+ v' C& M　　(C) that mining and farming combined
　　(D) of its combination mining and farming (91.8)
# n* ?6 R0 b" k( r7 W　　[答案] A 此句比较的是utah的年产值（the annual worth) （A）中that即代替了the annual worth，故前后比较的范围，内容一致。
1 w) U( o8 X; B( t  m  {6 _　　

会计考友

(4) The activities of the international marketing researcher are frequently much broader than-------
; V( l+ l! i  Q& Z　　(A) the domestic marketer has
　　(B) the domestic marketer does
　　(C) those of the domestic marketer
7 q" s; S3 d# Q, G( e6 K* v9 {; v　　(D) that which has the domestic marketer (91.5)
　　[答案] C 此句比较的是国际市场研究者与国内市场研究者的活动（the activities) 为避免同词重复，用（C）those来代替前面的名词the activities ,因而对比双方比较的范围是平行相等的。
　　(5) Fructose is a monosaccharide sugar that is much sweeter -------
　　(A) than cane sugar does
　　(B) does cane sugar
# P: `9 k& g% a　　(C) cane sugar
　　(D) than cane sugar (90.5)
　　[答案] D 此比较句型前半部分主系表结构，后半部不可出现助动词does（答案A及B），但可省略系词，如（D）。</p>　　3. 比较句型 the +比较级…the＋比较级要求前后结构相等。
( w$ x* |+ s& K. _$ r$ h　　全真例题分析
$ X# r8 |1 _- Y8 U　　(1) The flatter a hair appears under a microscope ------- wavier it is.
　　(A) although
& l9 x7 ?$ _7 ^: G$ o$ \/ v! ]　　(B) which
. r0 u& u! {, [. u% q　　(C) and
　　(D) the (92.1)
% K/ t% O* p4 D: k6 J/ q　　[答案] D The flatter a hair appears 与（D）the wavier it is 是完全对等的结构。
　　比较级 主语 谓语动词 比较级 主语 系动词
0 f& j; c8 H2 n# |; n　　(2) The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ------- to the body.
　　(A) the stress it is greater
; U& G# V+ F2 f/ Y3 [/ B8 z) D3 Y. p　　(B) greater is the stress
　　(C) greater stress is
  y- f# ^! s# ]' _* V　　(D) the greater the stress (90.1)
　　[答案] D The less the surface 与答案（D） the greater the stress 是完全对等的结构。
　　4. 语意上的平行结构
　　解题要点 有一些词和短语表达比较的概念，尽管不是比较级句型，但同样要求前后对比双方同形式，同性质。
; `- k# o" v7 T7 V8 n　　全真例题分析
　　(1) Alexander Graham Bell once told his family that he would rather of the deaf ------- of the telephone.
4 R: k( e5 I9 A/ e- V; K　　(A) than inventing
　　(B) than as the inventor
　　(C) the invention
　　(D) as the inventor (90.8)
　　[答案] B 表示比较概念的短语would rather …than应使用平行结构。
　　(2) Thomas Jefferson*s achievements as an architect rival his contributions ------- a politician.
　　(A) such
0 g, I1 K/ y' o　　(B) more
　　(C) as
　　(D) than (90.1)
　　[答案] C 动词rival （比得上）要求比较二项结构相等。
2 A9 y/ T7 h! B0 c  C) m　　(3) California*s agricultural supremacy dates from 1947. When its farm output first ------- any other state.
　　(A) that exceeded
　　(B) exceeded that
- d9 T# d, K' f- t+ z: c　　(C) exceeded that of
　　(D) that exceeded of (92.10)
　　[答案] C 动词exceeded （超过）要求比较的内容相当。（C）代词that用以指代比较的内容“farm output”
( ^% o- s. {& U; d$ J　　(4) It is common lcnowledge that a flash of lightning is seen before a clap of thunder heard . (93.5)
　　[答案] D 连词 be fore用以引出先后发生的两个动作。从句意上看。这两个动作是对比关系，故应用平行结构。（D）改为a clap of thunder is heard ,与a flash of lightning is seen 相平衡。