2011托福语法：真题要点解析之平行结构

会计考友

1. 含并列连词and but or的平行结构
　　解题要点 当上述并列连词连接两项或多项对等成分时，这些成分必须同词性、同形式。特别注意出现三项以上（含三项）的并列成分，多是考试焦点。
　　全真例题分析
$ A" `6 ]0 j; j* ?2 D8 |　　(1) Quartz may be transparency, translucent, or opaque, and it may be colorless or colored (91.5)
! @, J1 F% S& h3 ^0 G0 z　　[答案] A 并列连词or连接三项，其中两项为形容词translucent与opaque，故（A）应用形容词transparent与之并列。
" _" ]% ~" x9 n9 O　　(2) At the age of 94. Composer, conductor. Arranger. And acting Eva Jessye led her choral group in the first production of the opera porgy and Bess, written in 1935. (92.1)
　　[答案] A 并列连词and连接四项表示身份职业的名词，故（A）动名词应改为actress。
: \1 I/ z2 ^7 f* C　　(3) Atrophy is a decrease in size of a cell, organ, tissues, or other part of the body such as (91.10)
6 B5 Q: I5 n. p, F; z7 H　　[答案] C 并列连词or连接四项名词结构，其中cell 和organ皆为单数形式，故（C）亦应改为单数tissue。
' Z( ~! F3 J5 ?) I/ i+ r& R8 [　　(4) Direct mail advertising serves to acquaint customers with Products, alert them to new opportunities, and paving the way for other sales activities (93.1)
　　[答案] C 并列连词and连接三项动宾结构，前两项均为动词原形，故（C）动名词亦应改为原形动词pave.
　　(5) A majority of the reports received from people claiming to have seen the lengendaiy Loch Ness monster have proven to be mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. (93.10)
　　[答案] D 并列连词or连接三项成分。前两项均为名词，故（D）不应出现句子结构，而应改为名词tricks与前面的mistakes和misconceptions平行。
　　(6) The tongue is capable of many motions and configurations and plays vital rode in chewing, swallowed and speaking.
4 E- p) u6 p$ S　　[答案] D 并列连词and连接三个单词。其中两项均为动名词，故（D）亦应改为动名词swallowing。
- C" z9 E2 u  G$ w) f) j# g　　2. 比较级句型要求对比双方结构对等，比较范围相当。
0 @  @$ u* p% U  Z9 ~　　全真列题分析
　　(1) Probably no man had more effcet on the daily lives of most people in the United States ------- Henry Ford. A pioneer in automobile production.
# I! e5 E( z: _8 z) c! Q　　(A) as was
: h1 M+ n$ y+ l  T+ G) i　　(B) than was
- _5 A" O( \3 w7 t! J" L/ F. g　　(C) than did
8 o7 U3 L$ S. ~  Z# M5 D) d　　(D) as did (92.8)
　　[答案] C 比较句型 more…than 要求比较的双方结构相等。前项是实义动词的过去时形式had，故选（C）than did与之平行。
# w2 {" {1 R4 _　　(2) The state of Maine generally has cooler temperatures than -------
4 I' @$ K1 I; V" T& I2 l　　(A) there are most other states
　　(B) most other states which have
　　(C) most other states have
. p4 E& @/ S" K& E/ s: h2 \  C9 S　　(D) having most other states (93.10)
6 `( \1 q9 M* S　　[答案] C 这是标准的more…than比较句型。只有（C）的句子结构与相对比的前一项完全一致。
2 J/ Q% F7 J& p* ]7 `/ t　　(3) The annual worth of Utah*s manufacturing is greater than-------
, Q& `* \! `6 x　　(A) that of its mining and farming combined
; w7 ]4 G% u7 q" R& [　　(B) mining and farming combination
, x% L) I' z* t# Z0 t1 @; h　　(C) that mining and farming combined
' a; M" P( o7 {  U  q3 v$ M　　(D) of its combination mining and farming (91.8)
, F0 u' p, S% N/ l0 ~　　[答案] A 此句比较的是utah的年产值（the annual worth) （A）中that即代替了the annual worth，故前后比较的范围，内容一致。
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会计考友

(4) The activities of the international marketing researcher are frequently much broader than-------
) [, J- `; q0 ^! O. u* b　　(A) the domestic marketer has
# P9 D' h) ~) D( ^! [6 m( o8 \　　(B) the domestic marketer does
! R6 t# `; l/ }; ]　　(C) those of the domestic marketer
　　(D) that which has the domestic marketer (91.5)
4 X: k. i" A$ V　　[答案] C 此句比较的是国际市场研究者与国内市场研究者的活动（the activities) 为避免同词重复，用（C）those来代替前面的名词the activities ,因而对比双方比较的范围是平行相等的。
　　(5) Fructose is a monosaccharide sugar that is much sweeter -------
　　(A) than cane sugar does
　　(B) does cane sugar
　　(C) cane sugar
　　(D) than cane sugar (90.5)
　　[答案] D 此比较句型前半部分主系表结构，后半部不可出现助动词does（答案A及B），但可省略系词，如（D）。</p>　　3. 比较句型 the +比较级…the＋比较级要求前后结构相等。
. Z. p0 E9 U) k( f" b3 K( u　　全真例题分析
. C7 ^7 t  T# G; `7 k　　(1) The flatter a hair appears under a microscope ------- wavier it is.
2 r3 P" W/ S6 M' }+ p  H　　(A) although
6 w4 v& x8 B; H  Q( _/ g9 L, `3 ~+ N　　(B) which
　　(C) and
　　(D) the (92.1)
　　[答案] D The flatter a hair appears 与（D）the wavier it is 是完全对等的结构。
　　比较级 主语 谓语动词 比较级 主语 系动词
, Z& H# k6 j( t　　(2) The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ------- to the body.
　　(A) the stress it is greater
　　(B) greater is the stress
　　(C) greater stress is
　　(D) the greater the stress (90.1)
　　[答案] D The less the surface 与答案（D） the greater the stress 是完全对等的结构。
　　4. 语意上的平行结构
　　解题要点 有一些词和短语表达比较的概念，尽管不是比较级句型，但同样要求前后对比双方同形式，同性质。
, z9 ^) E: `) u, T/ M　　全真例题分析
2 U6 G' {3 X5 J( I, b% B　　(1) Alexander Graham Bell once told his family that he would rather of the deaf ------- of the telephone.
) T1 H1 b- W; Q9 m% `& `) l　　(A) than inventing
　　(B) than as the inventor
　　(C) the invention
7 h( i3 a" f( @: [　　(D) as the inventor (90.8)
　　[答案] B 表示比较概念的短语would rather …than应使用平行结构。
　　(2) Thomas Jefferson*s achievements as an architect rival his contributions ------- a politician.
　　(A) such
　　(B) more
　　(C) as
　　(D) than (90.1)
% s% ^/ S8 Q; C' ~' g$ `+ A3 k　　[答案] C 动词rival （比得上）要求比较二项结构相等。
　　(3) California*s agricultural supremacy dates from 1947. When its farm output first ------- any other state.
　　(A) that exceeded
8 ~% d. h$ J1 A3 V) @" ]　　(B) exceeded that
) i! K1 n' L$ c1 m( y0 _" u8 }1 P9 Z! U　　(C) exceeded that of
　　(D) that exceeded of (92.10)
　　[答案] C 动词exceeded （超过）要求比较的内容相当。（C）代词that用以指代比较的内容“farm output”
　　(4) It is common lcnowledge that a flash of lightning is seen before a clap of thunder heard . (93.5)
* d. f9 E. [, z4 `  {) z+ y　　[答案] D 连词 be fore用以引出先后发生的两个动作。从句意上看。这两个动作是对比关系，故应用平行结构。（D）改为a clap of thunder is heard ,与a flash of lightning is seen 相平衡。