托福语法指导：平行结构及真题要点解析

会计考友

　　1. 含并列连词and but or的平行结构
　　解题要点 当上述并列连词连接两项或多项对等成分时，这些成分必须同词性、同形式。特别注意出现三项以上（含三项）的并列成分，多是考试焦点。
　　全真例题分析
* l! q' v9 j* |; L& O) N　　(1) Quartz may be transparency, translucent, or opaque, and it may be colorless or colored (91.5)
　　[答案] A 并列连词or连接三项，其中两项为形容词translucent与opaque，故（A）应用形容词transparent与之并列。
　　(2) At the age of 94. Composer, conductor. Arranger. And acting Eva Jessye led her choral group in the first production of the opera porgy and Bess, written in 1935. (92.1)
　　[答案] A 并列连词and连接四项表示身份职业的名词，故（A）动名词应改为actress。
- j9 Q, E+ {% q5 r: z　　(3) Atrophy is a decrease in size of a cell, organ, tissues, or other part of the body such as (91.10)
+ S- ^/ c4 M; e! F! t; W, M8 M  S　　[答案] C 并列连词or连接四项名词结构，其中cell 和organ皆为单数形式，故（C）亦应改为单数tissue。
8 J; I. p  g! i- R5 u5 k9 X　　(4) Direct mail advertising serves to acquaint customers with Products, alert them to new opportunities, and paving the way for other sales activities (93.1)
　　[答案] C 并列连词and连接三项动宾结构，前两项均为动词原形，故（C）动名词亦应改为原形动词pave.
　　(5) A majority of the reports received from people claiming to have seen the lengendaiy Loch Ness monster have proven to be mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. (93.10)
* p9 P$ u& C0 p' `, J3 I　　[答案] D 并列连词or连接三项成分。前两项均为名词，故（D）不应出现句子结构，而应改为名词tricks与前面的mistakes和misconceptions平行。
- z3 |: g) [$ ]  e3 b* j　　(6) The tongue is capable of many motions and configurations and plays vital rode in chewing, swallowed and speaking.
　　[答案] D 并列连词and连接三个单词。其中两项均为动名词，故（D）亦应改为动名词swallowing。
　　2. 比较级句型要求对比双方结构对等，比较范围相当。中华考试网(www．Examw。com)
　　全真列题分析
: b- s' P' ^0 G. p　　(1) Probably no man had more effcet on the daily lives of most people in the United States ------- Henry Ford. A pioneer in automobile production.
　　(A) as was
/ d7 `. Q. B9 v% y3 N5 D" y: d　　(B) than was
　　(C) than did
　　(D) as did (92.8)
　　[答案] C 比较句型 more…than 要求比较的双方结构相等。前项是实义动词的过去时形式had，故选（C）than did与之平行。
* D/ @, j* k1 q7 `; ^) @　　(2) The state of Maine generally has cooler temperatures than -------
4 \/ L% ^, l: }9 {" D3 }6 P　　(A) there are most other states
　　(B) most other states which have
) t+ z) ]; V' K2 w　　(C) most other states have
　　(D) having most other states (93.10)
7 K% ~' y! @: {8 c. x　　[答案] C 这是标准的more…than比较句型。只有（C）的句子结构与相对比的前一项完全一致。
; _* p# w0 C1 S$ G　　(3) The annual worth of Utah*s manufacturing is greater than-------
　　(A) that of its mining and farming combined
5 V) x  O- I( z- a6 [　　(B) mining and farming combination
　　(C) that mining and farming combined
　　(D) of its combination mining and farming (91.8)
　　[答案] A 此句比较的是utah的年产值（the annual worth) （A）中that即代替了the annual worth，故前后比较的范围，内容一致。
　　(4) The activities of the international marketing researcher are frequently much broader than-------
　　(A) the domestic marketer has
% P) p5 j. U# i' I4 |　　(B) the domestic marketer does
　　(C) those of the domestic marketer
　　(D) that which has the domestic marketer (91.5)
0 o( f6 \' r0 F' g1 \+ @0 H　　[答案] C 此句比较的是国际市场研究者与国内市场研究者的活动（the activities) 为避免同词重复，用（C）those来代替前面的名词the activities ,因而对比双方比较的范围是平行相等的。
1 F' Y/ O) V2 h! y- C, E* s4 G　　(5) Fructose is a monosaccharide sugar that is much sweeter -------
$ ?( K. j% {) j4 H$ o* O, f8 f3 R　　(A) than cane sugar does
% h- E& r/ G: Q5 L: K- O, E3 `　　(B) does cane sugar
& h0 H3 M( ~. [7 r　　(C) cane sugar
　　(D) than cane sugar (90.5)
- \, }7 a0 u; y0 U4 z　　[答案] D 此比较句型前半部分主系表结构，后半部不可出现助动词does（答案A及B），但可省略系词，如（D）。
　　3. 比较句型 the +比较级…the＋比较级要求前后结构相等。
. ?6 L, k! B4 v/ q5 Q　　全真例题分析
4 a; X2 J" [+ y) p& ~　　(1) The flatter a hair appears under a microscope ------- wavier it is.
　　(A) although
　　(B) which
　　(C) and
　　(D) the (92.1)
/ |5 i9 ^! w+ r- K6 k　　[答案] D The flatter a hair appears 与（D）the wavier it is 是完全对等的结构。
　　比较级 主语 谓语动词 比较级 主语 系动词
: P3 E: Z' ^& E5 e4 O　　(2) The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ------- to the body.
5 o" R% a! u: t& a7 _$ ~　　(A) the stress it is greater
7 P1 h3 h! e) u& M% E! o　　(B) greater is the stress
　　(C) greater stress is
　　(D) the greater the stress (90.1)
  ~& c  b5 b' l  y　　[答案] D The less the surface 与答案（D） the greater the stress 是完全对等的结构。
　　4. 语意上的平行结构
　　解题要点 有一些词和短语表达比较的概念，尽管不是比较级句型，但同样要求前后对比双方同形式，同性质。
6 f( `: `2 Q9 v5 y% G" ^　　全真例题分析
　　(1) Alexander Graham Bell once told his family that he would rather of the deaf ------- of the telephone.
% y6 |4 e! f) A　　(A) than inventing
) Z. @1 u0 r6 z$ K3 c6 Y7 u/ m# X' k　　(B) than as the inventor
5 [4 p7 O" x- k- a8 N( l4 k, v　　(C) the invention
　　(D) as the inventor (90.8)
　　[答案] B 表示比较概念的短语would rather …than应使用平行结构。
- \+ t  L  }* n3 ~2 B- m　　(2) Thomas Jefferson*s achievements as an architect rival his contributions ------- a politician.
　　(A) such
　　(B) more
　　(C) as
　　(D) than (90.1)
　　[答案] C 动词rival （比得上）要求比较二项结构相等。
' s; j$ ?! j9 y2 L* m　　(3) California*s agricultural supremacy dates from 1947. When its farm output first ------- any other state.
　　(A) that exceeded
　　(B) exceeded that
  H# M- W8 `2 {1 I+ x- ^6 K& D　　(C) exceeded that of
　　(D) that exceeded of (92.10)
: n: j4 m+ e2 N　　[答案] C 动词exceeded （超过）要求比较的内容相当。（C）代词that用以指代比较的内容“farm output”
　　(4) It is common lcnowledge that a flash of lightning is seen before a clap of thunder heard . (93.5)
　　[答案] D 连词 be fore用以引出先后发生的两个动作。从句意上看。这两个动作是对比关系，故应用平行结构。（D）改为a clap of thunder is heard ,与a flash of lightning is seen 相平衡。