托福语法指导：平行结构及真题要点解析

会计考友

　　1. 含并列连词and but or的平行结构
7 S  D+ U9 k0 C9 N" p5 Q" X1 l　　解题要点 当上述并列连词连接两项或多项对等成分时，这些成分必须同词性、同形式。特别注意出现三项以上（含三项）的并列成分，多是考试焦点。
　　全真例题分析
　　(1) Quartz may be transparency, translucent, or opaque, and it may be colorless or colored (91.5)
　　[答案] A 并列连词or连接三项，其中两项为形容词translucent与opaque，故（A）应用形容词transparent与之并列。
& K: i5 V$ g2 O" _. l- f　　(2) At the age of 94. Composer, conductor. Arranger. And acting Eva Jessye led her choral group in the first production of the opera porgy and Bess, written in 1935. (92.1)
* ]# _6 p$ L+ h* k3 y　　[答案] A 并列连词and连接四项表示身份职业的名词，故（A）动名词应改为actress。
8 b2 U. R  Y5 m7 Y( x　　(3) Atrophy is a decrease in size of a cell, organ, tissues, or other part of the body such as (91.10)
　　[答案] C 并列连词or连接四项名词结构，其中cell 和organ皆为单数形式，故（C）亦应改为单数tissue。
　　(4) Direct mail advertising serves to acquaint customers with Products, alert them to new opportunities, and paving the way for other sales activities (93.1)
; [* P' b+ ?: j' _" v　　[答案] C 并列连词and连接三项动宾结构，前两项均为动词原形，故（C）动名词亦应改为原形动词pave.
6 c# N+ K: i" [: `/ f: f　　(5) A majority of the reports received from people claiming to have seen the lengendaiy Loch Ness monster have proven to be mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. (93.10)
　　[答案] D 并列连词or连接三项成分。前两项均为名词，故（D）不应出现句子结构，而应改为名词tricks与前面的mistakes和misconceptions平行。
　　(6) The tongue is capable of many motions and configurations and plays vital rode in chewing, swallowed and speaking.
　　[答案] D 并列连词and连接三个单词。其中两项均为动名词，故（D）亦应改为动名词swallowing。
　　2. 比较级句型要求对比双方结构对等，比较范围相当。中华考试网(www．Examw。com)
　　全真列题分析
6 ]7 o; y8 U0 P) Q6 m　　(1) Probably no man had more effcet on the daily lives of most people in the United States ------- Henry Ford. A pioneer in automobile production.
' K( j" z( g/ D' ~* ^　　(A) as was
7 M1 m& C5 [% t8 y: d　　(B) than was
7 }4 Z$ @3 _" J' \3 g　　(C) than did
/ C% ~% E, G# D- g& [, k0 _/ r　　(D) as did (92.8)
　　[答案] C 比较句型 more…than 要求比较的双方结构相等。前项是实义动词的过去时形式had，故选（C）than did与之平行。
　　(2) The state of Maine generally has cooler temperatures than -------
$ D0 m& ~% _( x3 [. ~) f　　(A) there are most other states
, Z- C: M; w- I  k+ p　　(B) most other states which have
. |$ Q% }1 T. v" F, A$ E  w　　(C) most other states have
$ k" g- @; o. n( a/ m" v7 h6 F1 o; i　　(D) having most other states (93.10)
4 D7 D( j, H0 M1 c, L　　[答案] C 这是标准的more…than比较句型。只有（C）的句子结构与相对比的前一项完全一致。
　　(3) The annual worth of Utah*s manufacturing is greater than-------
　　(A) that of its mining and farming combined
4 ]" p3 i! ?3 z6 T7 |　　(B) mining and farming combination
6 T# |1 V1 n% _3 H/ P　　(C) that mining and farming combined
$ a9 n+ R9 i. R　　(D) of its combination mining and farming (91.8)
1 Z8 d5 }/ v4 l: `/ O) X　　[答案] A 此句比较的是utah的年产值（the annual worth) （A）中that即代替了the annual worth，故前后比较的范围，内容一致。
/ B5 u- x% {: S: a0 f# K7 c$ N# y　　(4) The activities of the international marketing researcher are frequently much broader than-------
　　(A) the domestic marketer has
% Q" k6 G2 R2 w* x) ?. T7 R( Z$ L, |　　(B) the domestic marketer does
　　(C) those of the domestic marketer
8 |: o2 y4 t4 {. ~' i4 l( d& x0 {  h　　(D) that which has the domestic marketer (91.5)
, U( v4 b0 P! M' d. e7 ?; e　　[答案] C 此句比较的是国际市场研究者与国内市场研究者的活动（the activities) 为避免同词重复，用（C）those来代替前面的名词the activities ,因而对比双方比较的范围是平行相等的。
2 A* f8 t7 Z+ |4 h5 m2 P　　(5) Fructose is a monosaccharide sugar that is much sweeter -------
　　(A) than cane sugar does
　　(B) does cane sugar
　　(C) cane sugar
$ R, }* a, ?0 I% ^　　(D) than cane sugar (90.5)
" z4 B  }& e% g- F! ~  I3 _5 y　　[答案] D 此比较句型前半部分主系表结构，后半部不可出现助动词does（答案A及B），但可省略系词，如（D）。
　　3. 比较句型 the +比较级…the＋比较级要求前后结构相等。
* B! _* q$ D/ o; V3 f1 n1 j　　全真例题分析
　　(1) The flatter a hair appears under a microscope ------- wavier it is.
" B" u( g9 v$ S# |/ Q　　(A) although
　　(B) which
　　(C) and
　　(D) the (92.1)
' S$ U6 ~( N/ c* C( O　　[答案] D The flatter a hair appears 与（D）the wavier it is 是完全对等的结构。
　　比较级 主语 谓语动词 比较级 主语 系动词
5 W0 x3 [) i1 R+ c　　(2) The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ------- to the body.
　　(A) the stress it is greater
　　(B) greater is the stress
　　(C) greater stress is
% s+ U; b' `( e6 H$ |/ ~, e　　(D) the greater the stress (90.1)
　　[答案] D The less the surface 与答案（D） the greater the stress 是完全对等的结构。
　　4. 语意上的平行结构
% d1 L3 e' S# w! {　　解题要点 有一些词和短语表达比较的概念，尽管不是比较级句型，但同样要求前后对比双方同形式，同性质。
, g1 V& C( P: I　　全真例题分析
) Z- p6 e' {7 w　　(1) Alexander Graham Bell once told his family that he would rather of the deaf ------- of the telephone.
" u1 r* v8 a6 Z3 n& `. F# r　　(A) than inventing
: l2 Q3 r. R2 s1 C　　(B) than as the inventor
% D; x3 j# X  A# f5 y% K　　(C) the invention
+ e2 v; j  t9 _　　(D) as the inventor (90.8)
7 k8 o4 o% A% N; c　　[答案] B 表示比较概念的短语would rather …than应使用平行结构。
( z- `* V$ r+ a$ Q" a　　(2) Thomas Jefferson*s achievements as an architect rival his contributions ------- a politician.
　　(A) such
　　(B) more
; k% H" Y5 p0 T; B% J: j2 ^　　(C) as
8 I7 U. v1 j2 N% i, R9 K) q　　(D) than (90.1)
5 X6 Y. Q& c" Q; J　　[答案] C 动词rival （比得上）要求比较二项结构相等。
. t. ^, G3 W. `$ p% q( L1 ?　　(3) California*s agricultural supremacy dates from 1947. When its farm output first ------- any other state.
$ J) s% o# ]* s" W. y' U+ f1 _　　(A) that exceeded
　　(B) exceeded that
8 o( C: \; ?" Q% D# H& k. c　　(C) exceeded that of
　　(D) that exceeded of (92.10)
! ]- n4 \6 B1 k% @! o/ q- n　　[答案] C 动词exceeded （超过）要求比较的内容相当。（C）代词that用以指代比较的内容“farm output”
( f% j) v( |" x6 p5 w) U9 {　　(4) It is common lcnowledge that a flash of lightning is seen before a clap of thunder heard . (93.5)
　　[答案] D 连词 be fore用以引出先后发生的两个动作。从句意上看。这两个动作是对比关系，故应用平行结构。（D）改为a clap of thunder is heard ,与a flash of lightning is seen 相平衡。