一. 不一致(Disagreements)所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致,它还包括了数的不一致时态不一致及代词不一致等。
& k' |3 b( A9 I f5 ? 例1. When one have money ,he can do what he want to 。(人一旦有了钱,他就能想干什么就干什么。)" E/ \0 }$ T1 V0 \& X% j0 k* r; `
剖析:one是单数第三人称,因而本句的have应改为has ;同理,want应改为wants。本句是典型的主谓不一致。
" V/ o4 X( ^8 C3 I, y 改为:Once one has money ,he can do what he wants (to do): e$ k% ?% ~8 Z: ~- X
二. 修饰语错位(Misplaced Modifiers)英语与汉语不同,同一个修饰语置于句子不同的位置,句子的含义可能引起变化。对于这一点中国学生往往没有引起足够的重视,因而造成了不必要的误解。" @& X4 N8 M& t/ I9 m7 T
例1. I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the campus。
; ]1 R, p6 Z- e6 h 剖析:better位置不当,应置于句末。
9 W7 v1 e9 f1 q8 s* q 三. 句子不完整(Sentence Fragments)在口语中,交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等,不完整的句子完全可以被理解。可是书面语就不同了,句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清,这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后,笔者又想加些补充说明时发生。4 b+ Q5 Z5 J9 F/ m8 i8 s
例1. There are many ways to know the society. For example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on 。
% T$ ]9 K4 `0 u6 t$ f! x) O. ~ 剖析:本句后半部分"for example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on 。”不是一个完整的句子,仅为一些不连贯的词语,不能独立成句。
6 @1 a8 @( C! \8 W, o7 h n 改为:There are many ways to know society ,for example ,by TV ,radio ,and newspaper。) E! F- w( J/ L/ ?6 {) a4 v, a
四. 悬垂修饰语(Dangling Modifiers)所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清。
% L6 u% `4 M' ?1 q! W- a5 F8 J 例如:At the age of ten, my grandfather died. 这句中"at the age of ten"只点出十岁时,但没有说明” 谁”十岁时。按一般推理不可能是my grandfather, 如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确一点,全句就不那么费解了。9 V1 Q5 e/ i3 e# H3 a% M$ P
改为:When I was ten, my grandfather died。* _3 u' Y3 C! W) g, ]# e
例1. To do well in college, good grades are essential。2 x6 f9 r& h3 E R5 X0 y. \! a
剖析:句中不定式短语 “to do well in college” 的逻辑主语不清楚。3 Y$ p$ T# j9 ^& f
改为:To do well in college, a student needs good grades。7 ^" y. }0 J' j
五. 词性误用(Misuse of Parts of Speech)“词性误用”常表现为:介词当动词用;形容词当副词用;名词当动词用等。
# V- J( ]1 G3 j: D7 }1 v, L; V 例1. None can negative the importance of money。+ `0 \ _0 y+ X: g1 S/ N' O
剖析:negative 系形容词,误作动词。) I* e2 p+ ^$ T9 {/ z
改为:None can deny the importance of money。7 Q8 B( Q4 E3 ^# L( m% `( _( Y
六. 指代不清(Ambiguous Reference of Pronouns)指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清,或者先后所用的代词不一致。试看下面这一句:
+ ~' `6 H; W" _$ Y6 f0 O' K Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid。(玛丽和我姐姐很要好,因为她要她做她的伴娘。)读完上面这一句话,读者无法明确地判断两位姑娘中谁将结婚,谁将当伴娘。如果我们把易于引起误解的代词的所指对象加以明确,意思就一目了然了。
* U7 [' s1 m1 `1 Q5 J% ^- b 这个句子可改为:Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid。0 e8 h$ j# X/ s9 f. |) R: k% _3 W/ \2 B
例1. And we can also know the society by serving it yourself。外语学习网5 G0 q. n7 h- ~9 C" U/ ]5 p- O
剖析:句中人称代词we 和反身代词yourself指代不一致。1 l1 M0 C& }4 t, O* p: z: W# I
改为:We can also know society by serving it ourselves。. r; f, e E( l) ~. A. H- F
七. 不间断句子(Run-on Sentences)什么叫run-on sentence-请看下面的例句。$ U3 f: _$ D O3 T% m
例1. There are many ways we get to know the outside world。/ Y1 u! L* C ^; K" ^+ t
剖析:这个句子包含了两层完整的意思:“There are many ways。” 以及“We get to know the outside world。”。简单地把它们连在一起就不妥当了。
: }7 J' t8 y6 h& I. Z2 ? 改为:There are many ways for us to learn about the outside world. 或:There are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside world。
% W( q, Z* _3 d8 h* y3 q 八. 措词毛病(Troubles in Diction)Diction 是指在特定的句子中如何适当地选用词语的问题,囿于教学时间紧迫,教师平时在这方面花的时间往往极其有限,影响了学生在写作中没有养成良好的推敲,斟酌的习惯。他们往往随心所欲,拿来就用。所以作文中用词不当的错误比比皆是。
0 L! Y+ E2 r/ v6 d) L 例1. The increasing use of chemical obstacles in agriculture also makes pollution。
" ^8 e. o5 C9 S; m (农业方面化学物质使用的不断增加也造成了污染。)+ `$ [& m+ p) Q/ i v( y
剖析:显然,考生把obstacles“障碍”,“障碍物”误作substance“物质”了。另外“the increasing use (不断增加的使用)” 应改为“abusive use (滥用)”。+ f3 j' U( c% [1 J4 r! p" x! m, ]
改为:The abusive use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes/leads to pollution。
3 [% U+ E3 t0 J. g 九. 累赘(Redundancy)言以简洁为贵。写句子没有一个多余的词;写段落没有一个无必要的句子。能用单词的不用词组;能用词组的不用从句或句子。0 K) O! [. [' t+ J6 Y" l
如:In spite of the fact that he is lazy, I like him。 C0 k. s ~# G, R7 \. n, z: Z4 K: R; r1 K
本句的“the fact that he is lazy”系同谓语从句,我们按照上述“能用词组的不用从句”可以改为:In spite of his laziness, I like him。
$ _% ]* |! \7 q9 ~/ W* W8 u 例1. For the people who are diligent and kind, money is just the thing to be used to buy the thing they need。" _$ H3 M3 M3 G9 a
剖析:整个句子可以大大简化。
4 S; z( N0 ?1 G) W+ w$ l: R: s 改为:Diligent, caring people use money only to buy what they need。
# `+ V7 q Q, e1 O 十. 不连贯(Incoherence)不连贯是指一个句子前言不对后语,或是结构上不畅通。这也是考生常犯的毛病。) t- N' e4 S4 i: B2 |' [" @. k" ^
例1. The fresh water, it is the most important things of the earth。
2 h" v. a. V8 Q' K$ ~0 A, w# x 剖析:The fresh water 与逗号后的it 不连贯。It 与things 在数方面不一致。
* S7 o( I2 ^) `6 p' v5 M 改为:Fresh water is the most important thing in the world。$ z+ b( H' P/ q: r! N
十一. 综合性语言错误(Comprehensive Misusage)所谓“综合性语言错误”,是指除了上述十种错误以外,还有诸如时态,语态,标点符号,大小写等方面的错误。
: A+ {7 W. G r) n$ f3 D2 a 例1.Today, Money to everybody is very importance, our’s eat, cloth, live, go etc。 |