一. 不一致(Disagreements)所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致,它还包括了数的不一致时态不一致及代词不一致等。 Q9 V! X: B+ }/ \" {' w
例1. When one have money ,he can do what he want to 。(人一旦有了钱,他就能想干什么就干什么。)( O- w2 C- X" U5 _' F" z! q
剖析:one是单数第三人称,因而本句的have应改为has ;同理,want应改为wants。本句是典型的主谓不一致。
2 T$ _4 h4 s" v/ r# Y" V6 ` 改为:Once one has money ,he can do what he wants (to do)5 \5 J. T1 h9 D8 T2 J3 f ?; d
二. 修饰语错位(Misplaced Modifiers)英语与汉语不同,同一个修饰语置于句子不同的位置,句子的含义可能引起变化。对于这一点中国学生往往没有引起足够的重视,因而造成了不必要的误解。% h% T; F5 R: X4 \8 J9 [( g
例1. I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the campus。
# Z Z9 p4 u, J, J 剖析:better位置不当,应置于句末。
- j& H s2 O+ C5 N7 V' @9 k 三. 句子不完整(Sentence Fragments)在口语中,交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等,不完整的句子完全可以被理解。可是书面语就不同了,句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清,这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后,笔者又想加些补充说明时发生。) r9 K6 x+ s/ S9 I
例1. There are many ways to know the society. For example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on 。6 y: _0 \* u$ \6 h* [9 C( j
剖析:本句后半部分"for example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on 。”不是一个完整的句子,仅为一些不连贯的词语,不能独立成句。. F4 `7 i$ T5 g% ~, S
改为:There are many ways to know society ,for example ,by TV ,radio ,and newspaper。
% h$ P9 V* A9 H7 o- c# D# y 四. 悬垂修饰语(Dangling Modifiers)所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清。
3 R8 g# d. Q0 p( n% c 例如:At the age of ten, my grandfather died. 这句中"at the age of ten"只点出十岁时,但没有说明” 谁”十岁时。按一般推理不可能是my grandfather, 如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确一点,全句就不那么费解了。
+ }8 E, U* @2 |" F+ I x 改为:When I was ten, my grandfather died。
4 R7 p( u7 f% S! }: \) ~ 例1. To do well in college, good grades are essential。0 S7 i8 \- w5 l+ B* X$ \( D
剖析:句中不定式短语 “to do well in college” 的逻辑主语不清楚。9 J1 u2 z! I: j5 {' G2 R0 _
改为:To do well in college, a student needs good grades。
# D8 l" o' p1 ^4 l0 L. L 五. 词性误用(Misuse of Parts of Speech)“词性误用”常表现为:介词当动词用;形容词当副词用;名词当动词用等。
' O( s6 p: m. t3 ^1 x* ~! `, X1 t 例1. None can negative the importance of money。4 ~: Y0 N- G) o$ a6 P
剖析:negative 系形容词,误作动词。
+ ^ n& z) |$ @5 G0 t 改为:None can deny the importance of money。
6 n6 @+ {+ O7 q 六. 指代不清(Ambiguous Reference of Pronouns)指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清,或者先后所用的代词不一致。试看下面这一句:
, T7 q) W0 k( _+ B Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid。(玛丽和我姐姐很要好,因为她要她做她的伴娘。)读完上面这一句话,读者无法明确地判断两位姑娘中谁将结婚,谁将当伴娘。如果我们把易于引起误解的代词的所指对象加以明确,意思就一目了然了。# C) A" t2 O, r2 a3 W( P' b
这个句子可改为:Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid。9 @" i2 T* m% T
例1. And we can also know the society by serving it yourself。外语学习网7 i5 G# D; o. ?5 {9 B* G
剖析:句中人称代词we 和反身代词yourself指代不一致。: _5 I: u; }; Q7 x0 o2 o/ \$ C) u( g
改为:We can also know society by serving it ourselves。( a1 _; K' `2 s, z
七. 不间断句子(Run-on Sentences)什么叫run-on sentence-请看下面的例句。
& W" ~. t( l) ]9 h: w& _4 [ 例1. There are many ways we get to know the outside world。4 l7 C* P9 L+ W8 t* [+ `/ `
剖析:这个句子包含了两层完整的意思:“There are many ways。” 以及“We get to know the outside world。”。简单地把它们连在一起就不妥当了。
5 \4 I) x( z, w7 e" T9 L 改为:There are many ways for us to learn about the outside world. 或:There are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside world。! X# I4 r$ u4 F" T
八. 措词毛病(Troubles in Diction)Diction 是指在特定的句子中如何适当地选用词语的问题,囿于教学时间紧迫,教师平时在这方面花的时间往往极其有限,影响了学生在写作中没有养成良好的推敲,斟酌的习惯。他们往往随心所欲,拿来就用。所以作文中用词不当的错误比比皆是。0 S T" j" D* m) w, x# i/ `% g
例1. The increasing use of chemical obstacles in agriculture also makes pollution。
* c; z* }/ ?) S7 n* S! r (农业方面化学物质使用的不断增加也造成了污染。)# \% O* f& @+ K$ _. ?, a. ~2 ]
剖析:显然,考生把obstacles“障碍”,“障碍物”误作substance“物质”了。另外“the increasing use (不断增加的使用)” 应改为“abusive use (滥用)”。
" n( c1 t# e" w6 n1 z" H 改为:The abusive use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes/leads to pollution。) [% m: B3 q( h: S- @* K
九. 累赘(Redundancy)言以简洁为贵。写句子没有一个多余的词;写段落没有一个无必要的句子。能用单词的不用词组;能用词组的不用从句或句子。
4 z: U m& b7 Z, f! V 如:In spite of the fact that he is lazy, I like him。) x5 W! O, f B& m2 [2 B: X
本句的“the fact that he is lazy”系同谓语从句,我们按照上述“能用词组的不用从句”可以改为:In spite of his laziness, I like him。: R2 Z6 D- r% ^* Z! v
例1. For the people who are diligent and kind, money is just the thing to be used to buy the thing they need。( \8 c. R# S. @5 z+ c% Y
剖析:整个句子可以大大简化。! H. A0 Y: N# g6 R
改为:Diligent, caring people use money only to buy what they need。
8 N4 {' R' e- R' ~ 十. 不连贯(Incoherence)不连贯是指一个句子前言不对后语,或是结构上不畅通。这也是考生常犯的毛病。
9 `8 k" _+ X8 P. M4 A, _7 ^! G 例1. The fresh water, it is the most important things of the earth。8 V. E4 T4 u% U. f: r, \% i
剖析:The fresh water 与逗号后的it 不连贯。It 与things 在数方面不一致。; Y g! `$ r, [, V1 B
改为:Fresh water is the most important thing in the world。
8 L Q8 {. V5 w 十一. 综合性语言错误(Comprehensive Misusage)所谓“综合性语言错误”,是指除了上述十种错误以外,还有诸如时态,语态,标点符号,大小写等方面的错误。
9 o- @7 H* a% s+ ^ 例1.Today, Money to everybody is very importance, our’s eat, cloth, live, go etc。 |