七、平行结构
# Y; H5 C$ F+ o, T* n+ ^6 b0 B1 ~2 ~ 改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构6 i( y# x. N1 D$ T. k8 {
(一) 对等连接词
* R" Y; U% {# O" e) _* R 一共有三类连接平行结构的词9 [5 k6 M% c0 H4 D1 p7 F2 H
单一式: and, or ,but
! Y# h! D2 t' [# z1 {- ? 相关式: both…and, not … but,( h% y& c; E' M) @7 G# c; f
either …or, neither…nor7 k& _; B5 t. _5 k" ~) h
the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as
1 }5 `* T9 Q/ I5 B$ [ such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and,
% B% q9 \8 N+ ]* `6 ?1 P5 {8 m not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also0 _4 r5 d) t+ H4 s0 t) ~
not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well,
; L* g# c8 I; u {2 j 短语式: as well as: k5 K! ?# n3 b. F; H! ^
rather than (而不是)2 m) m2 ]: {$ v
other than (除…之外)' Z4 B% c( M, `
instead of (代替)
; w+ R: m$ r; f 考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对
% e# E( m+ p4 j1 o) \ 例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,6 Z5 k) O, U& b
A B
7 f- W0 H$ u# }3 f/ S* Q but he is now living in Detroit.
$ O$ i4 ~+ ~8 X/ {" G3 s9 j C D
; @9 j9 G4 A: C: p/ T; V m 分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。
7 V) _# N4 u! l" w 例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics
9 G- u3 @1 v% ~) S7 q$ A" G- i+ C6 E A B' ]+ H( o3 O9 G+ f
as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford
# G& c$ X6 e6 T+ ^: d6 g# V8 q remained active in city and regional planning.( S* Z4 L1 ^) o: Q D
C D' R0 _4 g2 C7 X
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半
8 f! e. _ e' g, g9 `; E5 x% x+ c (二)平行的内容 b. o) h8 ^& s% j q$ }
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行3 u: S9 _0 }4 Z
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of( C9 C5 x* V6 i2 l& Y/ _
A B
4 u. W- r, S7 V% x4 D# N3 Y4 |5 H an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally,
T( P7 |5 f+ @$ Y; j0 t C D
: _% [, B8 {, r4 m% q5 ]$ j9 g or yearly periods of light and darkness.
: v' R1 Z$ X' d3 S) V5 l: b 分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行! {1 u2 R0 W5 j3 K6 K7 T
第二、名词单复数的平行$ }3 x$ O) R0 ?
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行
/ N* ^. e0 ?$ C7 _' f8 Q. J 例:The main advertising media include direct mail,
9 p, R" [3 H7 S" l A B C
/ X# w9 N/ i* ~. r1 B radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. I% X! ?$ ]1 e+ k. T* U
D: r X$ y% x" _6 g& x
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。
7 d/ N: c" ]1 R 例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, F6 R4 V0 O" ^- Z0 B
A B
& u+ ^3 b% x* X) a# K1 T! @ and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world.
) ]; D3 J( B( I4 W C D2 p3 W; ^/ g$ T$ H q; j
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have; u6 Z, Q6 S% L1 k, I0 |: ]2 Q
第三、时态的平行
O5 t* e3 M+ [0 @. \ 例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated( a( C/ d" E# L6 K# T( l" _% ~
with the imagist movement , but later develops. _% x, p R( n. ^
B7 y0 Q* O* K$ g% _. U
her own thyme patterns and verse forms.) b, m y. P8 \) _: N( o( k$ k
C D+ [0 g' ]1 b2 C; _3 W0 J( c& Y
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。6 g. v) W( p. d9 T$ i
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , -----
6 a9 n$ Y* J9 X spread from its home in Central America and% i5 L3 Q2 K5 a6 x" z& l
now grows throughout the tropics.
& U% T, G' w' I$ a! o6 v: w2 ] (A) to be (B) it
7 p2 ~0 H8 A# ?# k, r1 j: s; d (C) the (D) its, r4 T; ~) }9 J- W) ^; y! @
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢?
3 X, u- \- Z7 W+ u9 J6 H. Q 原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow% K4 n7 O! v1 L# i: R& S3 n/ r
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ----; @+ X) ^. ]+ Q& _- R
commercially for their meat and eggs.8 y, J. Q* U/ D; Z, a
(A) raised (B) and are raised X _) `* H/ h0 u0 i( f% G- \
(C) raised as (D) are raised1 f& u( K! v6 b# Y7 g, W; D
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。: S7 O. M- [6 e, V
第四、排列位置的平行
# D9 }6 e3 l3 Z& Q+ d% | 例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it.- v+ \% B- ? i. [
(A) Not only does rust corrode
& S t2 G1 S# ~- G: F* a- S# W (B) Not only rust corrodes
" B" X# u, L% E' c7 Y' _ (C) Rust, which not only corrodes" j4 U" q' G' |# I }( C& X
(D) Rust not only corrodes& i" U( D6 j$ t- v y% A
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 M* A/ V# O2 J y$ a8 b/ _
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种:
0 S3 h5 o- \ A" m' L- T+ C 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。
+ m3 K- Y& a- `. Q% u! t 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确- m8 `" I; L# |! C$ N2 T
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3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 |