四、非谓语动词& n3 k# [! o) z0 W; R) ?8 w7 w
(一) 分词 现在分词和过去分词的区别 ①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动/ a. g$ x+ s+ W" g% V# \
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then
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% b, F1 S; H3 F' X" ?/ e struggled to establish its own economic and financial system.
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分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning8 e# Z7 V3 [, k8 G9 C7 c) I7 @* `
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动! P6 x# W5 T0 w) [# E
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in* u" f( o6 }: t* A7 i4 h% n
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( H8 ^' x9 X, d. B2 c8 m) L& Q the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands.6 {0 K- g6 X4 L! f1 i1 W. i: k
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分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living+ |/ u+ t# @! P
一些动词后面必须用doing
" X% ]/ r/ Y$ ` 对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。1 l% K$ F8 u& O6 X. q" ]
mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, advocate, suggest delay, quit' G6 t( d* O& d, v4 ^/ S
forgive(原谅),tolerate,9 C9 ^+ B" F8 ?" `0 a+ U0 w) r
avoid, escape(逃避) spend+名词+doing;0 g* b! V- l7 G. O3 A
have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing6 P* M7 S0 C! |+ B: O$ w
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their. u9 C" f' W% K9 z5 j3 I
A B C D
* { S. D4 H7 V- S8 k crops.
! ?) F/ m# o0 G) i 分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。# @2 y7 U$ N3 o3 ?1 i9 a! G
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks,
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5 v5 E s& G$ O1 O( t to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War." G7 R* _! q2 E s
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4 G2 z: V7 M% `3 y3 t( Q7 A 分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing2 Y3 I6 x6 T' R5 X
(二) 不定式
& j. i5 s. Y7 |% R, [7 b A. 动词不定式的省略 ①、help后面可以省略to help to do
" G! t! O) Z% {2 u# B help sb. to do
2 M& R$ z: p7 Y/ r2 @5 w8 d# _' l 例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid% S) O2 [5 }/ `9 @& R5 A# ?$ q
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the habits that might shorten the lives.* x2 L0 l% q5 v! d# _7 z
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3 Z1 V( X. ` s! W/ M6 w 分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。
0 q2 q- G. W1 k/ K" S ②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个
4 G$ C2 t' Y) M0 H @ make, let,
2 _7 h3 y3 D' x7 W E have sb. do sth 注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth.: n9 y" G7 \3 ?2 ~) }& W
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians
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to know when to play various parts of a composition.+ f! U; f% D9 i) q6 V0 y, S
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8 Z' u" |! G% o! K; x" t6 t 分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know7 _/ }) {& T, Q, Q0 r* N" X. G
③、感官动词 hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe+ G3 D" w+ A7 O& i
see sb do sth. 强调过程 see sb doing sth 正在做某事
2 }: a3 J. ~! b B. 动词不定式的固定用法! w' }, C$ l$ E0 g4 Y
(1)表示第一人 the first woman to do sth. `$ K" O+ A. o3 y3 Y/ r4 C
(2)表示迫使的动词
+ p$ h( X1 b7 M& a, L# | 一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do
/ N. _1 ?, H5 k( f 例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis
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6 {( c0 ~' U6 M! y0 d+ c allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth.
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# I& |1 G* O- h$ K 分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。. k z; _5 n" x% i8 i2 l7 i
(3)表示倾向…的形容词; @1 Z; e) r3 a1 m5 i6 K1 b
be more likely to do 更有可能作某事
0 k. t9 g$ f& t4 ?. ~- j" z; L be inclined to do倾向于做某事" f0 t; N q' U5 ?
be lieable to do 易于…的
6 t' X. M& O1 F( A8 t$ H be apt to do
9 O" z) L3 z0 r G _1 [6 O (4)表示目的的名词,( n- ^, l4 G4 S0 S
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。; R! ?( l6 H0 I1 i2 G: c- _; |
固定的句式:
) c h% e, U$ L3 @# ]! ` the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth.+ e! C2 J% ^* f" t! i" O' w
the objective 目标 aim
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reason理由
3 k5 z, U( i) }; L/ a function功能* B& ~7 V" m% P4 A
intension意图 K2 s& R7 Q- E3 a ]. W; T
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing+ @% ?! c, C; Z- {
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large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.1 [; n+ k( k0 U) A' Y( n
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- }5 M6 O! y w% R) E 分析:the function to provide, A错
1 @9 o# J- G; N4 r 例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure
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and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds, f- ^4 |4 u2 C @& V; H
B
0 B3 M% T; Y4 L6 b that make up various components of a living cell.
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分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错
! m; L8 y/ R+ F2 ? (5) 其他同根名词% m3 q- D3 `* E
ability to do 受到be able to 的影响
3 x: q) a2 I9 m5 e! }: z attempt to do 企图 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响
0 S$ l |) ?& b, _% i* K% n ambition,
8 _: _* t; L+ @0 k( l* f be ambitious to do |