四、非谓语动词. U. Z0 d2 A- u' M p
(一) 分词 现在分词和过去分词的区别 ①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动
! E. F* b. T. X- o4 y$ o 例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then
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struggled to establish its own economic and financial system.
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分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning
# N7 j0 R& j/ a9 H) A0 Q) e ②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动
- f# ?, R) L! Q& ~; J7 P a 例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in, H' O* A: I7 w
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2 s7 A1 Z% l1 L- G1 S% P/ w the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands." o% `8 [9 G# s; N* a$ [
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分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living2 S! |) @8 `% w: P
一些动词后面必须用doing6 @, h, J9 B. N7 G K4 v
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 \+ i" r4 ?( Z! ]+ t+ h
mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, advocate, suggest delay, quit
' `& |" E, |: N0 i& B forgive(原谅),tolerate,: g9 q* L& T( j* t3 t7 ^
avoid, escape(逃避) spend+名词+doing;+ V. g* D. e. ], h$ Z( C" U! Q, s. L2 Q
have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing
( y" M |& h' V7 D d& [ R. x 例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their" ]2 j" Z$ W3 H6 i" m' r3 N
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crops.8 O" c! g9 d7 ~" ? J
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。8 ^& B. b: l2 W' B7 |' m
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks,$ F+ J+ w1 v9 p4 ?' d2 G
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to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War.
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分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing
( Y* m1 e) ^! n4 J (二) 不定式
, H) T! W: E- R2 L3 g$ } A. 动词不定式的省略 ①、help后面可以省略to help to do
/ O$ S4 `. a! ?. P help sb. to do N4 j6 T& l6 @2 P- D& }. w
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid% {! s; n; @; Y
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& f. r1 W1 [; T1 X2 L1 o the habits that might shorten the lives.* W9 f: V& C0 Z7 @# A( z$ M
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分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。) f, S! q3 d" j6 b+ |0 j1 ]! Y* l
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个
2 b/ F: x% I( W: x make, let,
) f4 j! o- j6 L. o9 R7 C have sb. do sth 注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth.4 a+ ?6 W7 e/ O5 Q% z8 C2 q4 s& s
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians M2 ^$ I C! ^( T- ~3 f, c
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to know when to play various parts of a composition.
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分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know
, h k. r7 p- j! i ③、感官动词 hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe2 j1 u6 ~' T( f3 h3 x5 ~
see sb do sth. 强调过程 see sb doing sth 正在做某事
: l* {) u' R( o. m2 F7 k; T B. 动词不定式的固定用法8 C$ s3 a4 N+ W2 x1 Q
(1)表示第一人 the first woman to do sth.
: K1 C! h& H( Y% ^" y) ~. u+ t (2)表示迫使的动词9 i; B* G1 y& q3 Z
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do' W/ }% d: p0 B* N$ P* w
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis5 L, F8 c( m8 G* [: A
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allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth.1 M7 ?9 N! I' p
C D
' {9 A6 X* C0 \1 f3 o- ^ 分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 `, b1 f- p5 y4 Q# E h
(3)表示倾向…的形容词- M. ]+ q% J$ W9 B7 I
be more likely to do 更有可能作某事: V0 F9 J! C- B" O
be inclined to do倾向于做某事; Y+ C% H1 t: z" V
be lieable to do 易于…的
8 k# Q5 y. S& H$ i* X8 L; ` be apt to do
* n, \3 [, E6 |' a% I (4)表示目的的名词,. T+ ^, Y9 F. m2 t8 ^7 g
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。0 F0 ^9 p+ a% z: P) I
固定的句式:' W; B4 \, C" k! v! x' z
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth.# j/ R7 v' z# E3 q
the objective 目标 aim
& n, x0 r" i! C* ^+ \* K! v# n+ {. G goal) }/ t' ^% }; [8 }6 b0 s. [" q5 k
reason理由
& B& T1 i3 X1 D6 _: E/ }* s7 L function功能0 }% J9 z& {/ V7 {& p' U% W
intension意图 M' M/ K: X+ x; R9 @9 y) s
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing$ I3 v3 s$ j% z* b8 b2 g
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large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior." a6 e1 J: r% D3 B- G
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! z6 j2 c! V* ^( Y+ [3 Y6 j1 P `4 E 分析:the function to provide, A错
5 R: M; E+ j# e 例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure
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; ]% n3 B: J, r and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds
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that make up various components of a living cell.
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9 \5 I9 m1 f% H! v 分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错
' N/ v) r- @- X* p (5) 其他同根名词" H' ^2 @- ?( s- o) P
ability to do 受到be able to 的影响7 h t% p( X8 O9 \% v$ b( C
attempt to do 企图 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响
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be ambitious to do |