四、非谓语动词
9 V1 _/ g& b( Y (一) 分词 现在分词和过去分词的区别 ①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动" t! P- }8 g; B. f3 k$ @( F
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then
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5 J( y; X# k5 I8 j0 y2 V: v struggled to establish its own economic and financial system.& u9 G+ T8 B6 \5 L" B3 e
B C D
' S+ w' p0 j" P/ r 分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning7 c/ ~3 n3 C! g
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动# b# m4 i# y0 Y8 y' b0 J+ c
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in
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the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands." d$ b2 y9 `$ n5 F& h5 |2 F1 t
C D
3 E6 S/ a6 k! |2 ] 分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living' ~# g/ |+ d6 M/ e4 ~3 J* c
一些动词后面必须用doing. E' a9 ]0 F# p I# S. p* p
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。
$ Y% ]* X" C( \( i N( S/ z* ~ mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, advocate, suggest delay, quit
( h2 s2 C* w/ k* b0 n forgive(原谅),tolerate,/ @' N+ g; U8 B0 B& z7 Q
avoid, escape(逃避) spend+名词+doing;
# z1 A$ ^- G2 \( K have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing6 i! z* e0 b$ i
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their1 T8 `1 q; }' m: E% U1 F
A B C D
6 F i2 _- Q+ @. @5 u" k7 @+ \ crops.6 l' M3 n g$ w" K" j9 B3 R u" N$ ]: ?
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。! f( `$ |( l! o, v- A' O
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks,
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, |( W8 ]" P9 C; [8 u3 s9 \ to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War.
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分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing( S# Z% o, O. M: C
(二) 不定式
/ L, U% Z; S5 p; A) L2 E5 z) E5 F- V8 P A. 动词不定式的省略 ①、help后面可以省略to help to do9 l% A& U+ A: ]; `( w7 Q
help sb. to do
( m( }4 j5 [% `6 j 例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid
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the habits that might shorten the lives.
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& P6 W8 S% t& s) r& g2 P6 z8 y 分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。6 G8 d2 [7 i# f2 ?* X
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个- X* t" T) ?) r1 V9 Z* a
make, let,
" |0 q! l9 ]# C4 ` X6 [4 B have sb. do sth 注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth.
+ W1 O& C+ s6 Y$ a# D# B) M* _ 例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians
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9 v7 |5 c, U8 O H. C to know when to play various parts of a composition.
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分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know
- R) G$ g$ x$ c; M4 v A+ D; ?" n ③、感官动词 hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe
0 h/ g9 k' Z2 Q& x, e4 v see sb do sth. 强调过程 see sb doing sth 正在做某事6 w2 M! d* ?/ R2 G3 A' K5 P
B. 动词不定式的固定用法
$ f7 T/ Y, H$ E4 S3 G9 R, {( N# a (1)表示第一人 the first woman to do sth.
. Z6 u: h* Y9 @$ `/ \7 R2 L (2)表示迫使的动词
. a& {5 r6 q5 i7 x: v 一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do2 B% \# c: U2 c4 L, u2 U0 L
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis
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allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth.6 o* s. D) {" R- U0 h$ E( x( i, L
C D' K$ }8 @1 \- ]& j& B* {1 t) z
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。' n( N* @1 k* g2 s5 Q
(3)表示倾向…的形容词
. y/ E& k+ k9 O be more likely to do 更有可能作某事) J, i: z/ }1 m; T* o% @+ G
be inclined to do倾向于做某事
& }0 B4 T) b/ @ be lieable to do 易于…的8 u/ v/ ]& q O
be apt to do* Q' ~$ ~6 b) }& o
(4)表示目的的名词, M1 s# v0 z; u# ]) b
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。
1 p$ U7 p! d- K$ |$ _( ^ 固定的句式:/ G* Q* g* b; V
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth.. u$ N* A O d6 B
the objective 目标 aim
$ D" ?1 d; q( v1 d7 ?% z goal) G* P! c- Y+ s3 e1 C
reason理由
8 _5 U1 \6 q) i u9 S* o! E' }' t! H) s function功能
6 T) X# g) f$ W1 j* [) r intension意图. s' q1 D O6 I2 C: ^( Q$ ]/ u7 _
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing
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large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.# c$ k! I) `, v) k6 s1 K
B C D
L- a6 h! d R) Y5 D/ ?& H 分析:the function to provide, A错' N1 [/ Q# t2 b7 w" _
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure
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and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds" C; @; L: K' P4 k: j7 m
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that make up various components of a living cell.
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" E" D- i$ d) l+ G/ Q H 分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错
# z& O/ |. @+ G' z# n3 c (5) 其他同根名词
8 ^0 [8 o0 b% |0 |: \% [0 k6 k ability to do 受到be able to 的影响
7 O: o' S. ~* v/ Z attempt to do 企图 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响- L: |( s U# u
ambition,0 I# p9 V; Z0 Y% C6 U) v
be ambitious to do |