一、主谓一致0 W o( h" b+ N* J. k5 x
1. 主谓的分隔原则
, k# O% Z) i" e1 K$ ?, Y S, ——,VO
a2 f- Y$ `7 u+ |" @; t& G 主谓之间可以用定从及省略形式的定从分隔
; m2 y; n& p Y6 w6 ~2 S9 ~7 E * 主谓一致与主语同位语无关) ^7 u+ I2 J* Y v" l& ?" f' d" g% a
2. 定语从句中的主谓一致
, {6 \( i6 w# i+ R1 c ……noun.+that/which+V
, I( D4 Z. m/ V1 x& \ * that, which并不反映单复数
. O1 f# w1 p/ E6 d one of 复n + that/which + 复V
% o) h5 d/ V& I& p the only one of 复n + that/which + 单V
* r) }. J9 V/ I( U2 y& ?# w+ ~ 3. 随前一致
# u( P& Z7 q2 z. ]1 z together with, as well as, with, including, of, r9 p3 ?" H' [, V E& F
4. 随后一致
7 C6 b3 X* P S3 A9 o not 单n. but 复n. + 复V+ x5 b5 [9 [* a# \7 j6 m k
not noly 单n. but also 复n. + 复V
; f& c; J% K' s0 U; D$ a 5. 就近一致
. F. {& B- O$ f2 \7 u 单n. or 复n.
6 B5 R! p' K. }- T% L' Q either 单n. or 复n.' M2 V" h) e9 L5 Y/ n4 K6 @% T) T
neither 单n. nor 复n.
, c- S) u. f' V- A2 M is he or we…… 对# O6 O$ B ~8 ]/ T$ s" ^
he or we are…… 对" Q: y& y3 K; `
6. 可数名词and可数名词+复数动词8 T7 z6 R) w* n, f$ @+ J
不可数名词and不可数名词+复数动词8 z% ]6 O# {- C: u
例外:war and peace is/was2 V6 {0 I) ^7 A4 g
black and white is/was
0 d2 ]2 J/ v6 j6 V! Q bread and butter is/was
8 w! d% [$ j" H8 b% ^9 Z$ { to love and to be loved is/was' x J9 Z- M$ e3 p/ `; l L* \
7. 百分比结构9 f7 P) \, a# i* H0 v0 j
most, rest, half, majority, some, 50 percent, one percent
* R0 S/ @; v+ k __+of+n.+V 由名词决定动词的单复数
0 p; K/ X% b+ N2 @- M' y4 F3 V9 Q1 R 8. 倒装句中的主谓一致$ s1 c- [) m# m/ W
There be……
% F+ t# c" m8 D8 @! A$ E% z4 l between , among 等介词位于句首,即引起倒装
3 f* o& p/ t" J$ l1 n Between ……+ be + noun.
/ g9 R- T! s& c7 f Among……+ be + noun.! q' @6 m3 {4 K$ A* M; O
主 + 系 + 表% a+ y" v( p+ l1 R" ^& a5 B
主系关系要一致,系表关系可以不一致
9 z+ I' b+ Z) |$ R 9. The+ adj.3 ^( `+ V' N" H! g$ M1 q7 r: f
a. 表示"一类人"用复数V
5 H: b, I6 j0 J The rich are ridiculous
# X& I6 g* O, @6 z b. 表示某一抽象概念
6 e/ r9 j5 z7 V The good is attractive
2 Q" n" _3 X+ _. g+ ~ 10. one of + 复数noun. + 单V, u4 C, s( {! k* f* y8 _
more than one 单数noun. + 单数V
9 [) y% S4 b9 M% w4 |% `* F many a + 单noun. + 单V
& D' N7 u5 J+ D, {% z a + 单noun. or + two + 单V: a day or two
: |# S* b; K! ^; i news 单数 measles 不可数2 z2 Z6 L& s' c; S+ E3 e- d K
the series 用is/are从上下文得出
& z) X5 {( j6 n 二、时态. f4 _6 `; \- I- m0 C7 |; ?
1. in + 过去某一时间,用一般现在时2 {. v! W) C' J$ |- j
2. befort+ 过去年份,用过去完成时
% l; A4 q" M$ c 3. for/since:1 g% [! M6 c1 ?% @( Q, H1 ]
for后跟时间段,可用现在完成和一般过去时0 c# a6 ^0 A7 p6 I# }: P3 H
since 后跟时间点,只能跟现在完成时
0 h7 m( ?# Q; } I have been a teacher for 3 years.) n+ u8 N C1 ~3 f) y
I have been a teacher since 1996.
* B T* D# ?5 |2 [* P I was a teacher for 3 years.
- [- e7 S. _7 B0 ?4 E; V 4. 自然现象、真理描述用一般现在时
* y/ {3 M+ q, P! Y! Q3 G 时态:现在完成时和一般过去时混用: q) {- ^9 _: ^, Z0 Z- b
一般现在时和一般过去时混用& _; [. D7 S8 v& ^. u" e
三、语态 考主被的混用4 X6 d% W" ~2 k6 z( l' R- a
一个证明,二个位于,三个需要,四个情感
, j4 Z5 ]$ N* S( o. H7 e 1. 证明:prove(vi) + to be + n./adj.
* H' o" R2 @7 L) h1 Z- `# b prove(vt) + sth./that +句子% m) N* }7 N! f7 I% p* ^
my advice rpoved to be wrong
' a- x. |% S6 \+ t7 o: m2 Y 2. 位于:locate永远考被动. W K+ n7 c( b% Z$ I+ {+ W! j
situate 主动:把……放置;确定位置5 D3 F! C% J. G
被动:位于
Y% @& V$ p9 s5 g, k: ^5 } 3. 需要:need, want, require& {8 A C2 C$ B( ~( X$ ?
┏ 情态动词+动原
5 q* w4 g# ]! u8 Y ┃ ┏ doing
_, X" @: l4 _( d need ┃ 实义动词 ┃ to do ……一般& [5 U3 g# d7 k. g8 C: }
┃ ┗ to be done
. _% c9 J4 r! P3 d; k ┗ n.词# p. ?# Y5 U- ~4 ~& l
My watch need┏ repairing. 主动表被动% u/ N+ m3 b1 t: i; ^ J$ ?
┗ to be repaired.' y% j) e5 O3 Y
require┏ to be done
4 @9 [1 |( @: B: V0 H want ┗ doing6 L( j* D2 G; A1 w: d
4. 情感:please, annoy, surprise, move& y3 L( A C& z
I am pleased. 主语高兴
- k/ S0 o; f) \* d) | The news is pleasing. 令人高兴
- s5 j u0 Z0 j0 E) [+ b& R" I 使……高兴(心烦、惊讶、感动)4 X4 u) d' j& s6 j# j3 x, D
Franklin is so moved.' r8 B ]3 I# w# B4 F/ P) l/ N
The story is so moving. |