在GRE阅读中,要想取得高分,对各种题型的分析和总结是至关重要的。如果说,你能够很清楚地掌握出题意图,那么你就可以很好地抓住出题者的心里,知道怎么去读文章可以在有效的时间内把作者要考查的信息点一个一个地击破。这样,阅读题也就不在成为一直困扰中国学生的重大问题。有些考生不知道如何去读文章;有的考生读完文章后,知道文章讲的是什么,但就是做题的时候错误频频;有的考生在对完文章后,就跟没读一样,是云里雾里,不知所云。 9 l# C+ K5 W7 \3 @- T+ n# i
针对这种情况,原因主要可以从两方面去解释:首先,是对文章的理解情况;其次,就是对题型掌握地不够深入。对文章结构地理解问题,可以从文章地结构类型等方面去读,这点在之前的文章已做了详细的解释,这里就不在说了。今天主要对阅读题的题型进行具体的解析。7 M; p% a! T" r8 C4 ^. d* g
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GRE阅读题大体上就分成主题题和细节题两大类。首先,主题题型,主要指的是主旨题和态度题,问的是文章在说什么在表达什么,作者的态度是什么等这类的问题,针对这类问题,要求考生对全文有很好的把握,特别要注意一些起承转会的词语如however, but等。其次,细节题型,包括给定行数题、写作用意题、强对比互取非题、改进性取非题、Except/Not题、逻辑题、题、类比题等等,这类题型都需要的是对原文的定位,考生要快速的找出问题在文中的相应位置,然后解答有时需要加上一些逻辑是非题等。通常情况下,主题题是GRE阅读题中最常见的一种题型,每篇文章都会对此进行考查,因此,这是很重要的一种题型,掌握了这种题型的出题思路,拿分是很容易的事。
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1 w0 p5 R/ s& Z+ v( `( @9 g主旨题和态度题一般事相互的,在考查主旨题时,都会作者的一种态度问题,所以这里把这两中题型放在一起来介绍。主旨题涉及的内容也有很多类:有针对文章内容的;有针对文章结构的;也有对作者的写作手法的。总体来说,判断整篇文章的结构类型,Topic Sentence, Structural Elements及作者态度是做主旨题的基础。结构类型相同的文章,尽管内容不尽相同,但是主旨题的答案却有相当程度的可比性。如“全文论证一个观点型”,“新观点推翻旧观点型”文章等。
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1. 针对文章的内容大意(main idea及primary purpose)的提问
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这是主旨题中最常见的一种提问方式,大约占主旨题出现率的70%左右。常见的提问方式:
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The primary purpose of the passage is to……& c0 H; H/ L. v( h
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The author is primarily concerned with ……. Y9 V' X9 E2 v4 e' G' B! Q" M
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The passage focuses primarily on which of the following ……
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$ h7 k" p1 o- P下面以一篇短阅读为例子来说明:(90年4月阅读真题)
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Because of its accuracy in outlining the Earth’s subsurface, the seismic-reflection method remains the most important tool in the search for petroleum reserves. In field practice, a subsurface is mapped by arranging a series of wave-train sources, such as small dynamite explosions, in a grid pattern. As each source is activated, it generates a wave train that moves downward at a speed determined uniquely by the rock’s elastic characteristics. As rock interfaces are crossed, the elastic characteristics encountered generally change abruptly, which causes part of the energy to be reflected back to the surface, where it is recorded by seismic instruments. The seismic records must be processed to correct for positional differences between the source and the receiver, for unrelated wave trains, and for multiple reflections from the rock interfaces. Then the data acquired at each of the specific source locations are combined to generate a physical profile of the subsurface, which can eventually be used to select targets for drilling. / f r6 d, _# A- s$ c# C6 O
, K9 r" }# R6 Y4 U5 ]8 A) s2 X7 OThe passage is primarily concerned with6 ~5 a& a( |% }: X
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(A) Describing an important technique
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(B) Discussing a new method5 Q( j9 P) T% |' r$ s( Z: y2 `
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(C) Investigating a controversial procedure
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$ F5 `5 _2 ~2 G8 H% |(D) Announcing a significant discovery2 o8 n! f" C7 P/ [# Y. D) w
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(E) Promoting a novel application* F$ m B8 T) v9 r! F% h# B
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分析:* r5 v. B' l$ K- c
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首先,可以确定本文属于结论说明型文章,首句即为这篇文章的topic sentence, “地震波反射仍为探测石油资源的最佳工具”。那么选项A “描述一项重要技术”,与之对应得最好,一般情况,选项中的答案肯定不是原文中的原句形式,而是原句的改写形式,中心意思并没有变化。由于此类题和作者的态度有关,所以正确选项中有关态度的描述应该和作者在原文里的态度是完全一致的。有时,某选项虽然所说的主题词和原文的focus一样,但是如果态度描述不完全符合原文的意思,该选项也是不正确的。; B! l$ _/ m$ T7 i5 d7 C' |
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2. 针对文章结构型(organization)的提问
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' R4 q- w. U }" c这类题型也是主旨题中较常见的一种提问角度,大约占主旨题的20%左右。答案往往是对文章的结构组织的概括,很多时候旧是与文章结构有关的Structural Elements的概括和直接改写形式。常见的提问方式:, S& J) M5 a2 K) e) t
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Which of the following most accurately describes the organization of the passage?9 v/ n2 U/ W, b1 H
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The author organizes the passage by……3 G' p, h; H4 p9 N. @( b' U+ n
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下面再以一个例子说明,仍然以上篇例文为例: * u1 k" Y4 q# @# x6 r+ g4 v1 B
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Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?6 d* B8 ?7 E s2 ?; i7 o
A& T" a. v1 A9 E6 x6 M( Q0 d(A) A method is criticized, and an alternative is suggested.
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(B) An illustration is examined, and some errors are exposed.5 u2 z# P6 {, S0 C
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) I$ `% l: E# [9 w9 d7 i(C) An assertion is made, and a procedure is outlined. |