</p> 第三篇- H+ ]% Q9 T1 G# J
Why Humans Walk on Two Legs
0 G0 B6 L" @8 k! X F A team of scientists that studied chimpanzees（黑猩猩）trained to use treadmills（跑步机）has gathered new evidence suggesting that our earliest apelike ancestors started walking on two legs because it required less energy than getting around on all fours。
% b6 ~' ]& G* p. r* Y2 l Michael Sockol, researcher of UC Davis, worked for two years to find an animal trainer willing to coax（劝诱）adult chimps to walk on two legs and to walk on all fours.
) j. G; k$ a4 X! r6 c The five chimps also wore face masks used to help the researchers measure oxygen consumption. While the chimps worked out. the scientists collected data that allowed them to calculate which method of locomotion（移动）used less energy and why. The team gathered the same information for four adult humans walking on a treadmill.
! J1 n3 j% p; `9 p$ V The researchers found that human walking used about 75 percent less energy and burned 75 percent fewer calories than quadrupedal and bipedal walking in chimpanzees. They also found that for some but not all of the chimps, walking on two legs was no more costly than on all fours.
4 W" R$ `4 s: D- Q1 {4 | "We were prepared to find that all of the chimps used more energy walking on two legs-but that finding wouldn't have been as interesting." Sockol said. "What we found was much more telling. For three chimps，bipedalism was more expensive，but for the other two chimps, this wasn't the case, one spent about the same energy walking on two legs as On all fours. The other used less energy walking upright. These two chimps had different gaits（步法）and anatomy（解剖）than their quadrupedal peers.8 K4 J' X! `% l$ M4 e) }0 q
Taken together，the findings provide support for the hypothesis that anatomical（解剖学的）differences affecting gait existed among our earliest apelike ancestors，and that these differences provided the genetic variation which natural selection could act on when changes in the environment gave bipeds an advantage over quadrupeds。+ O+ D1 D2 ]" t- j; G& j. h: q
Fossil and molecular evidence suggests the earliest ancestors of the human family lived in forested areas in equatorial Africa in the late Miocene era（中世纪）some 8 to 10 million year ago. when changes in climate may have increased the distance between food patches. That would have forced our earliest ancestors to travel longer distances on the ground and favored those who could. cover more ground using less energy.
+ @: {! S* N: R "This isn't the complete answer." Sockol said. "But it's a good piece of a puzzle humans have always wondered about：How and why did we become human? And why do we alone walk on two legs?"" H) b" \3 _$ l8 D" l0 t$ N
41 Michael Sockol and his team were interested in
k/ t% T5 B6 V' a$ |3 P A where humans came from.
F/ H, F$ H3 j* H9 s B how chimpanzees could be trained to use treadmills.
/ D. q; N" j5 V C why our apelike ancestors came to walk on two legs.
" r5 `8 Q5 L8 _ D when our earliest ancestors began to live In forested areas.$ b% y& ?: m5 a3 r+ I0 j
42 The phrase "worked out" in paragraph 3 could be replaced by
+ k8 u& w$ M2 y+ u @5 T3 i3 W2 H A exercised.# U1 w u8 v- Q; v( `! M
B calculated.
. c+ r$ M K/ r' W2 J# ] C understood.3 L3 C5 \2 V% ?+ |
D planned.
6 O! c. O) } R/ z+ J/ O 43 What did the researchers find in the experiment?
! v* P! f! g5 h" q5 G% |( P0 N8 E% [ A Human walking used more energy than bipedal walking in chimps.
# _4 L) b; V3 S# B9 D, W9 D B One chimp used about the same energy in walking on two legs as on all fours.
. Q5 B8 n; B3 [3 P( w C Two chimps used more energy walking on two legs.2 K; R& A w, y& ?' d
D Three chimps used less energy walking on two legs.' \8 S" f& R# D
44 The word "quadrupeds" in paragraph 6 is a technical word for
$ w% z1 V6 Z/ _# l) h Z A creatures with two feet.
) M8 @# N7 ~0 I. t9 I$ z B creatures with four feet.+ L2 N6 V5 [0 f4 F% W' c
C creatures with six feet.
4 V0 T) q) L' J; r! n# w D creatures with eight feet.
: S5 n5 f' f$ b8 l* v& S 45 What does fossil and molecular evidence tell US about our earliest ancestors?9 J* b/ P" a% F q
A They experienced more climate changes than we do today.
( ?: T3 y) a' u5 S, k5 r) }$ n B They were forced to travel between food patches.
. r A3 D% \9 k/ u4 | C They were much taller than modern man.
$ O$ R9 t) Z% F: e D They could cover more ground with less energy.) k6 ?. K B" n T- X
第5部分：补全短文（第46 ～ 50题，每题2分，共10分）
, c( H7 v/ l8 P7 i 下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。
, L/ E7 n+ U4 U# i5 P/ D; l What's Lacking in "Sicko"?
" J$ [# E2 L3 t* i( G' } When it comes to economic decisions，there are always trade-offs（取舍）. Gain one thing and you lose something else. （46）
! ^& L# H5 q0 |5 g The central argument of Michael Moore's movie "Sicko" - that the cure to the nation's health care problems is a single-payer system - is hardly novel and is certainly worth consideration，whether or not you agree with it. But in comparing the American system with single, payer plans of other countries - Britain. France，Canada and Cuba - Mr. Moore left out the trade-Offs, characterizing those countries as health care paradises.) }1 p- s- |/ U; k
（47）6 @9 }$ o% C+ M2 T. H
Kurt Loder，the film critic who is best known as the anchor（主持人）of "MTV News," wrote a critique（批评）of the film for MTV's website. " 'Sicko,'" he said， "does a real service" in portraying（描绘）victims of American insurance companies—like the people who died because their only treatment options were considered "experimental" and therefore not covered. （48）$ [. b5 v" t& R6 G, k
When "governments attempt to regulate the balance between a limited supply of health care and an unlimited demand for it, they're inevitably forced to ration treatment," Mr. Loder asserted. （49）Mr. Loder cited the short film "Dead Meat." which presents anecdotes（轶事）of failure in the Canadian single-payer system. In its one-sidedness, "Dead Meat" might have made for a nice double feature with“Sicko.” and left moviegoers with a more complete understanding of the complications of deciding on a health care system.. k+ u% t% k9 C" l: W7 v# E
（50）; b7 T8 E, i2 e0 @+ p
This all makes an otherwise "emotionally compelling film not necessarily an intellectually satisfying one," wrote Darren Barefoot，a Canadian blogger（博客作者）.9 e4 G2 U, m( r. p1 a: h7 b
A Mr. Moore also decided to ignore problems in other countries. 1ike France's high taxes and Britain's cash-short hospitals.
9 K4 g$ C7 ?9 A' u$ U$ m B But the film as a whole，he concluded，is "breathtakingly meretricious（似是而非的）," in large part because of its characterizations of other countries' health care systems.7 m% e7 D4 c8 ]1 @# d2 x- i
C The problems have been noticed—and criticism is coming not just from Mr. Moore's detractors（诋毁者）.) c# D3 A) f& a
D He ticked off a number of negative statistics to counter the positive ones offered by Mr. Moore.
# M8 ?+ H: u8 P- [) ] E Health care is the prevention, treatment, and management of illness.
& ]$ y8 M9 d( B2 C F This is particularly true in health care，a market in which scarce（稀罕的）goods are ridiculously expensive，but needed by everybody.) ]( X: u4 H# r4 v
第6部分：完形填空（第51～65题，每题l分，共15分）/ y8 n$ _! ^( V8 r4 ]1 d
下面的短文有l5处空白，请根据短文内容为每处空白确定1个最佳选项。
8 w% u% [) u* x8 V* e Debate over the Use of Renewable Energy
: \9 {, r& `# e5 ~- C( X7 t# h Ausubel of Rockefeller University in New York，US says the key renewable（可再生的）energy sources，including sun，wind and biofuels，would all require vast amounts of land if developed up to large scale production—unlike nuclear power. That land would be far better （51）alone，he says. Renewables look （52）when they are quite small. But if we start producing renewable energy on a large （53），the fallout（结果）is going to be horrible.
( v/ F+ R9 P! v. x/ m Ausubel draws his conclusions by analyzing the amount of energy that renewables. natural gas and nuclei（原子核）can （54）in terms of power per square metre of land used. Moreover, he claims that （55）renewable energy use increases. This measure of efficiency will decrease as the best land for wind. Biofuels, and solar power gets used up.$ W3 G/ @- }( f0 v1 `# Z* ~) z
Solar power is much more （56）than biofuel in terms of the area of land used. but it would still （57）150 square kilometres of photovoltaic（光电的）cells to match the energy production of the l000 MW nuclear plant. In another example, he says （58）the 2005 US electricity demand via wind power alone would need 780，000 square kilometres. an area the （59）of Texas.
2 N4 C1 \/ N5 H However, several experts are highly critical of Ausubel's （60）. John Turner of the US government's National Renewable Energy Laboratory says that even if the US got all of its （61）from solar energy，it would still need less than half the amount of land that has been paved over （62）highways. Further. it need not （63）up additional land. The US could get a quarter of its energy just from covering rooftops of existing buildings, he says. a5 }& F" y- u1 `% g
According to Turner, the same "dual use" also （64）to wind power。“The footprint for wind is only 5％ of the land that it （65）. Farmers can still farm the land that the turbines are on. "Turner says looking solely at land use is an oversimplification of the issue.
. W$ k# V* [. p0 P0 b 51 A owned B left C held D bought
1 H* v4 Y T0 _7 n& t8 O5 L 52 A fresh B costly C dirty D attractive
9 _8 u) C! T, l0 G, w0 u/ a, h) O% m 53 A scale B number C part D extent" P' J7 R+ z& g* }5 r5 H
54 A reduce B increase C produce D consume2 b" _/ N3 w6 D J. w3 ^
55 A as B since C because D until4 o# ~1 `$ H/ y
56 A effective B important C efficient D special5 G8 Y4 r$ q( |% o) j( K
57 A show B require C collect D discover9 Z) k7 v, ] [) s. P* n) Q' ?7 @
58 A making B keeping C creating D meeting
- x9 U m! j8 _# z 59 A size B form C region D scope
& y( [2 g) K& n ? 60 A decisions B conclusions C solutions D modifications
) H3 O" Y5 L) G% [ 61 A force B volume C power D control
( I. s6 o/ Z _, h" G5 z+ x8 e9 q 62 A to B in C on D for0 z% R- y, k" c# d9 d
63 A take B give C set D turn4 M( @+ l U% n; X/ ~
64 A adapts B applies C relates D appeals) f5 G5 H3 d3 j
65 A touches B faces C holds D covers |
发表于 2012-8-15 23:23:33
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