2. 关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时,可以省略。
5 O2 Y f U$ T( T& H (1) Behind one door was a hungry tiger (that/which) the guards had put there.7 m/ Y9 F9 P( m9 M' D8 Q
(2) The tiger would immediately jump upon the poor man (whom/who) the guards had brought to the arena.8 C+ W3 e8 X' f7 K0 @& L! g2 F
3. whose只用作定语,可以用来指人或物; 若指物,它还可以同of which互换, 例如:- I. K: v# B- }
(1) They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.$ _( y& m' W- E- d
(2) Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.' `4 _: O8 L. s
关系副词引导的定语从句8 p! ?6 |% C1 k R) D5 x7 ]+ a
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。! n1 h Q2 F' H) Q! k8 p% e% I( s
1. 关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构,因此常常和"介词+ which" 结构交替使用,例如:
0 F X2 w% D- Z \: L There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.
6 z, [ A6 c: W. Q; G Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born., y9 h7 _" I. e" B0 \# B& b& P% r
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?. b2 Y# E7 Z! B. `
限制性和非限制性定语从句 (***)
* N& t+ U! Z8 d$ F4 }# @7 p$ E 例如:
$ f% p( T! [+ N+ f 1)This is the house which we bought last month.(限制性)6 [. E* h) j; E; x
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.。(非限制性)/ w1 `- T: _ q, j/ p4 s% }+ [4 v1 T& a
2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的,例如:
* ~7 }7 k! _ S% R' X Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.
$ F& c: k" y- R( M3 f My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.
% H9 b, o: M' ^' z& |0 m This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. h3 d% D' q5 @ S- {) K
3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数,例如:
+ S3 R. J/ I4 } He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.4 W) O4 L) ~& [$ `; K: l: @1 p0 M
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.
/ }2 }/ J! }* b/ z0 i 说明:关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。
8 x2 j! K! i6 A5 A5 F/ E b. 名词性从句(Noun Clauses)
5 ] _" F& E0 U, O 在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组,它能在复合句中作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等。根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词性从句分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。在名词性从句中,连接词that既没有实际意义,又不充当任何成分,只起引导从句的作用, 引导宾语从句时经常省去。5 m o- p# B% S
一、主语从句 (The Subject Clause):在复合句中作主句的主语。为保持句子结构平衡,主语从句通常被置于句末,而用it作形式主语。4 R3 G A9 X# r1 ~( v% F
That light travels in straight line is known to all.8 }$ \6 G! w& `3 T# G# q) B
When the plane is to take off hasn’t been announced.$ ]' R" [- H; r
It was my fault that I had him play football yesterday afternoon.
# Y4 t9 [* g- M/ V1 p It is important that we should go to the school to talk with the teacher.2 q4 H( t, Q- ~' i* L5 W
It is still unknown which team will win the match.
n* o7 c, v9 L9 C1 p# E 二、宾语从句 (The Object Clause):主要作及物动词的宾语,有时置于介词或形容词之后。
N* z# X/ X# v4 H1 X He said (that) his father had come back from the United States." r( ?9 p3 W7 A; ~9 X) D1 q
He asked how much I paid for the violin.0 Q- @1 I0 z- o; l- e6 {
No one can be sure what man will look like in a million years.
/ A% X7 s* o5 r" \4 _( ] 如果宾语从句带有补足语,通常用it作形式宾语,而把宾语从句置于补足语之后。1 J3 Z8 L( C% N+ v+ X2 A
I think it necessary that we should pay close attention to SARS.. O P& N2 S) [/ K+ R
We all feel it our duty that we should serve the people heart and soul. |