非谓语动词也叫非限定动词或动词的非谓语形式。非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词),.即动词的非谓语形式除了不能独立作谓语外, 具有动词的部分语法特征,可以承担句子的任何成分。. x+ s, ^# ?- U f+ F" E
不定式9 x9 G3 w0 Y S$ j
1、动词不定式形式:(to)+do具有名词、形容词、副词的特征;否定式:not+(to) do
; k6 j. i. y2 K- u0 \4 n, ? 2、不定式的句法功能:6 |# q* [5 M4 O- i7 }
(1)作主语:
5 ?) }5 z) o4 K: | To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.
$ g# x9 \" Y" @8 W8 _0 } To lose your heart means failure.- z9 l, G* K @% z
动词不定式短语作主语时,常用it作形式主语,真正的主语不定式置于句后,例如上面两句可用如下形式:* \* H; c; {$ S' |
It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.
) e, p5 r/ y! O' f2 e( F9 g It means failure to lose your heart.
# X0 Z+ I% w: P 常用句式有:
2 M9 R h2 S! k: `# e 1、It+be+名词+to do。; y" Z& {* ]2 V* R2 M; o. {7 [
2、It takes sb.+some time+to do。
# z& g+ Y9 u5 G5 ]6 ?0 n 3、It+be+形容词+of sb +to do。
2 t: P) e2 E" O! v" S+ p. _ 4、It+be+形容词+for sb.+to do。
0 _; R3 P6 M: {1 u& p 常用careless,,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,等表示赞扬或批评的形容词,不定式前的sb.可作其逻辑主语。9 d& K" C2 g. k, `
(2)作表语:
: C: ?9 X/ B1 s+ _, h& U& L6 @ Her job is to clean the hall.
' @3 ?4 ^1 i' c |; x He appears to have caught a cold.0 e1 s, l% d: w: _- L
(3)作宾语:
: p' t3 y7 r# L; c+ b) h* }. g 常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有:want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式(宾语)后面有宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语,真正的宾语(不定式)后置,放在宾语补足语后面,例如:) @0 }" Q& ^+ s; t5 N
Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. 动词不定式也可充当介词宾语,如: I have no choice but to stay here.
4 z0 Y' N: v+ G He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.! ^3 O# m1 P4 e+ q6 a) O4 m& c! H
动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用,如: He gave us some advice on how to learn English.
: ^* a6 `# Z9 S) x+ s. h (4)作宾语补足语: 在复合宾语中,动词不定式可充当宾语补足语,如下动词常跟这种复合宾语:want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.: f. p; r% r. d1 ], W
此外,介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用,如: With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema.- n$ W- N& E( ~# T- s5 g" ~
有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用,但改为被动语态时,不定式要加to, 如: I saw him cross the road. /He was seen to cross the road.& U9 r: G/ H S/ ~* _7 t
(5)作定语:3 o% H2 M8 i+ J* s+ J5 r; J; M
动词不定式作定语,放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系:# K) P% z/ X' V# \; a/ }5 \
①动宾关系:9 q+ n9 h( m' i" W) z! n) i, s+ R+ l
I have a meeting to attend.
3 K) s9 I, \+ a) z* X5 b& G 注意:不定式为不及物动词时,所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等,应有必要的介词,如:
# U7 k6 K, T' r) [9 A" r! h He found a good house to live in.. r( Y7 j+ a7 y3 m7 j
The child has nothing to worry about.6 V& u$ F7 G; r$ N( e7 ^4 c# G: t
如果不定式修饰time, place, way,可以省略介词:6 R3 `0 M* R0 U4 b! H
He has no place to live.
# d" x+ c% S. F- n This is the best way to work out this problem.
$ C0 `% }7 I# C) d, B- L- Z ]* N 如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者,不定式可用主动式也可用被动式:, `/ w" m! C: x! [2 w
Have you got anything to send?
, _6 n8 M; c1 g2 m4 A5 R6 F! S Have you got anything to be sent?
$ T u5 U% H8 ?9 e; @( V) v ②说明所修饰名词的内容:
, q( c/ ]- f' j* ` We have made a plan to finish the work.
9 B" {& m5 h) M# h ③被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语:1 t4 }1 A1 T0 q2 ?
He is the first to get here.
+ \+ _) G, G% S/ M+ |6 w1 k8 Z 3、难点解析
+ W' F9 f2 t( @. j- t! B1 u5 F3 B (1)接不定式或动名词在意思上有区别的动词:" k7 `& ~6 D" L$ y/ p
mean to do想要(做某事)propose to do打算(做某事)
! }7 a7 y) y4 A& Z$ q mean doing意味(做某事)propose doing建议(做某事) `5 k2 G" q3 S, }% I
forget to do忘记(要做的事)remember to do记得(要做某事)
+ }& X$ h# d C$ x1 P! h$ | forget doing忘记(已做的事)remember doing记得(已做过的事)9 e' ]& U2 b8 H' [# z
regret to do(对将要做的事)遗憾go on to do继而(做另一件事)
2 R+ B; {: F2 ^( F regret doing(对已做过的事)后悔go on doing继续(做原来的事)7 S* S9 T8 r9 S7 H, U( A
stop to do停下来去做另一件事
( O* p4 O; ]" Q5 O# s stop doing停止正在做的事 `5 s( ~2 f# w5 @/ E
(2)下列动词短语中的to是介词,后面应接动名词或名词:! P3 R4 |" E( J' g) E
object to,resort to,react to,contribute to,look forward to,be accustomed to,be committed to.be exposed to,be subjected to,be devoted to,be dedicated to,be opposed to,be reconciled to,be contrary to |