非谓语动词也叫非限定动词或动词的非谓语形式。非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词),.即动词的非谓语形式除了不能独立作谓语外, 具有动词的部分语法特征,可以承担句子的任何成分。! y! n9 K1 W o( \
不定式$ X; M$ c0 ?$ U8 z, D
1、动词不定式形式:(to)+do具有名词、形容词、副词的特征;否定式:not+(to) do* V; Z* X) D/ y- [3 ]
2、不定式的句法功能:
# J6 ~) B5 I% a" h+ }0 O (1)作主语:
/ _3 Y$ i# R- I& Z0 } S/ f To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.- ~+ [0 M9 _' y( f3 ?) K
To lose your heart means failure.+ ~1 k2 K9 ?$ f3 n9 C8 X
动词不定式短语作主语时,常用it作形式主语,真正的主语不定式置于句后,例如上面两句可用如下形式:
$ W. A( `6 R1 L: U8 c It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.
$ b4 i" R3 p6 k" S/ j It means failure to lose your heart.
I0 I( `) K6 ^ 常用句式有:' q G# K& C K$ b* Z
1、It+be+名词+to do。
" S" F% {) @5 i" P, }0 F0 A1 u 2、It takes sb.+some time+to do。- H# | S' ^" M& G1 s- ~5 u
3、It+be+形容词+of sb +to do。
# B. ^/ j; P2 @# r8 m 4、It+be+形容词+for sb.+to do。6 K1 `- @: K. }! o& i
常用careless,,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,等表示赞扬或批评的形容词,不定式前的sb.可作其逻辑主语。
6 R$ V( `) R4 J* ^' { (2)作表语:# T4 ~, J/ \/ O6 G& A6 ?& v
Her job is to clean the hall.. a0 R3 r8 Y( G: B7 H5 G9 w
He appears to have caught a cold.
5 q7 \- a- s2 h2 _& }8 j (3)作宾语:5 z- p3 i- _# B
常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有:want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式(宾语)后面有宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语,真正的宾语(不定式)后置,放在宾语补足语后面,例如:
1 u4 T3 ?" |: i4 g4 V& [: _+ @3 S Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. 动词不定式也可充当介词宾语,如: I have no choice but to stay here." @1 f! x' ~0 I2 A2 \$ F
He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.; B4 z, n# v2 g9 W
动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用,如: He gave us some advice on how to learn English.
3 @0 j$ k3 P7 i( a7 g9 q+ d' A& C (4)作宾语补足语: 在复合宾语中,动词不定式可充当宾语补足语,如下动词常跟这种复合宾语:want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.
7 f" `6 x/ C, l, l; `! v 此外,介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用,如: With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema.( q+ G# ^9 F* V
有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用,但改为被动语态时,不定式要加to, 如: I saw him cross the road. /He was seen to cross the road.
7 L, h& K8 g f, z q9 X% L (5)作定语:: N$ W3 p2 N; j7 A5 x. Z* B
动词不定式作定语,放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系:
; H# G* e( X& K% E1 ? ①动宾关系:
% H% d0 e; @9 J7 X( ^ I have a meeting to attend.
G: L+ ]6 v$ g( ? 注意:不定式为不及物动词时,所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等,应有必要的介词,如:' b8 \$ o1 s6 }: `, t7 _
He found a good house to live in.1 j4 f. p" j! O$ o
The child has nothing to worry about.. {6 \( B4 u/ L
如果不定式修饰time, place, way,可以省略介词:
: X; Z0 ?1 ?$ B2 a3 o6 N! i+ j He has no place to live.
- T7 E* j: L; P7 w# o/ m This is the best way to work out this problem.
6 q) @+ h, f" ]9 O# f 如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者,不定式可用主动式也可用被动式:
$ Y. @, [. @6 K5 f# ^ Have you got anything to send?
1 y% u I) h4 {- q Have you got anything to be sent?5 _3 q; v, \) s' C# a: K' |* A
②说明所修饰名词的内容:
2 p! B- A# D7 @/ z6 g% E We have made a plan to finish the work.
5 R# T6 ^' {) B; V# K. M ③被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语:
, w: i4 p. I, ]1 ^ He is the first to get here.& b! O ?" k9 ]# o
3、难点解析# R5 g9 _, c+ W0 L8 R# {* Z
(1)接不定式或动名词在意思上有区别的动词:
9 z+ J O& y* r g/ S# ?: I mean to do想要(做某事)propose to do打算(做某事) Z2 o4 I& ^; ^* s
mean doing意味(做某事)propose doing建议(做某事)
- k" r1 t; i2 j2 a8 X9 P forget to do忘记(要做的事)remember to do记得(要做某事)4 S+ q& O6 l* r( c# b I- i" b
forget doing忘记(已做的事)remember doing记得(已做过的事)
8 H' ^, D5 ` h regret to do(对将要做的事)遗憾go on to do继而(做另一件事)0 l7 u% |1 [. x+ Q( X& C5 D
regret doing(对已做过的事)后悔go on doing继续(做原来的事)- b6 v, n6 u9 f* _8 }, ?9 S3 J
stop to do停下来去做另一件事
; \6 Z4 n6 q6 D0 z. {4 c stop doing停止正在做的事
8 E# O9 }: c* U" s1 ~0 x (2)下列动词短语中的to是介词,后面应接动名词或名词:
5 o* [1 F; j1 n object to,resort to,react to,contribute to,look forward to,be accustomed to,be committed to.be exposed to,be subjected to,be devoted to,be dedicated to,be opposed to,be reconciled to,be contrary to |