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[职称英语综合] 2012年职称英语复习之分析句子技巧

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发表于 2012-8-15 23:36:10 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
  分析句子结构是对所学语法的综合运用。对句子的结构是否清楚、明白是能否正确解答问题的关键。因此学会如何分析句子对更深刻、准确地理解题意,提高解题能力至关重要。( t% z9 T+ z4 Z+ ~6 p0 R
  所谓分析句子就是要剖析句子各个不同成分,并弄清楚他们彼此之间的关系。现对怎样分析句子做一简单介绍。
& f2 X9 ?' J" e1 m$ K5 |  分析句子的步骤:
1 x4 |" y3 D8 T  ①先找出句子的谓语动词,并考虑动词的性质。这是能否正确分析句子的关键。
. R5 I4 b* p( f9 g. e) y4 M  ②找出和谓语关系最密切的句子成分——主语,审查两者之间的关系是否一致。
" G7 O7 Q& ]( l/ t/ h( {: h/ ^+ A' O$ G  ③确认动词性质后,进一步分析动词与其他句子成分的关系。如与宾语、宾语补足语、表语、状语以及与小品词的关系等。2 {$ N/ f: n' p  D" D' `) R
  现做具体说明如下:
0 M3 w/ P; u8 V$ H( D  1.谓语动词:谓语动词是句子的核心。任何时态、语态,语气都是由谓语动词表示出来。所以在分析句子时首先要分析谓语动词。: D( e8 C; i7 o# I4 N
  动词有及物动词和不及物动词。根据他们的功能,可以构成下列几种基本句型。
! v( k- v  M5 i  ①主语 系动词 表语(主系表结构),如:
& i8 w. t# P" z# M; p7 x  This lesson is very difficult. 这课很难。
3 v+ Q" G8 V  G/ h# x1 k  ②主语 不及物动词,如:4 j% G) m* h; Z
  He has come.他已经来了。' \1 P. \- ?. x( v* r3 U  r. D9 p
  ③主语 及物动词 宾语(主谓宾结构),如:
  R, [% h* v) N- F  He reads English everyday. 他每天读英语。
! T+ `, Z! {2 _2 r* c  ④主语 及物动词 间接宾语 直接宾语或主语及物动词 直接宾语 介词(to或for等) 间接宾语,如:
9 \/ P. j" c7 w0 ]' L6 V  His father bought him a new bike yesterday.
% r7 d9 v+ Z# B' W, {  @. C+ p4 G  His father bought a new bike for him yesterday.+ ]8 t1 C8 }) v
  昨天他父亲给他买了一辆新自行车。7 @( e5 y! n6 q* N$ n& G2 Q1 B
  ⑤主语 及物动词 宾语十宾语补语,如:
! \9 y$ F, }1 p, `" e% s  We made him our monitor.我们让他当班长。
& E; G1 m# i% I9 R, Y) ?- `' C- w; b8 ]; t  2.主谓关系:任何简单的句子都有主语和谓语,在分析主谓关系是否一致时,可从三个方面考虑。即语法上的一致,语言内容上的一致和就近一致。! O7 o( ]7 V' R+ {4 r
  ①语法上的一致:指谓语动词的形式要与主语的形式一致。主浯为单数形式,谓语动词也采取单数形式;主语为复数形式,谓语动词也采取复数形式。这个法则符合语法形式上一致的原则。* o9 y+ J& ^# g/ c
  以单数名词或代词,动词不定式短语,动名词短浯或从句做主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式。以what引起的从句做主语时,在大多数情况下其后面的谓语动词也用单数形式。如:
3 x/ ^+ y$ g0 b6 W8 r* r  What we have seen is different from what we have heard.
* ?6 L8 o: |. t4 N. F2 P7 [6 y7 h  (what从句作主语,动词用单数)6 q' ?. y7 z5 i- [
  To answer correctly is more important than to finish quickly,' K3 F! M! H$ a4 w; t" \& k  J: Y
  (不定式短语作主语)- y: t1 `% J1 o9 @- E! N
  A great deal of work has been done to improve the people's living standard.$ e0 h3 E: e1 q$ b
  (不可数名词作主语)& \! H- T3 B+ Z
  用“and”,和“both ... and”连接的并列主语,谓语动词多用复数形式,但并列主语如果指同一人、同一事物或同一概念的时候,and后面的名词没有冠词,谓语动词用单数形式。如:. k- X) {* P- L4 T: M3 f' D
  Both the man and his wife want to go to the cinema.) R/ [" F6 Z  U) [7 M% Z6 h
  The poet and writer has come.
$ q$ S/ z0 R) E) a% p* P  Bread and butter is daily food in the West.7 Z+ M1 ?& O$ S$ I
  主语是单数后面跟as well as,with,besides,along with,together with等,谓语动词仍用单数,如:
, G- _2 R0 H; e: l4 o' G( u  The teacher as well as the students likes this novel.; m) W/ u5 A/ R& I8 b+ q
  My sister,together with Jane and James,is gone.2 Q, g; \+ ?& H' E+ L1 p+ D( g- Z& m
  一些有复数的名词,例如clothes,scissors,trousers,scales,spectacles等,作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式,但如在成双的东西的名词前面有pair of时,其谓语动词用单数。如:0 p( m7 ^) Y# i# t: ~
  My trousers are being mended.% |. K7 I& R! }5 u) n) c& B
  This pair of scissors belongs to me.+ i: [- A+ s7 V/ n/ l3 {
  有些词尾有“s”的学科名称,做主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。如:, i9 X! Q! t' N' m9 w- j* f, M
  Mathematics is taught here.
7 H* E+ I5 D. ~8 ~$ J  ②语言内容上的一致:主要指从意义上考虑主谓一致的问题。主语形式上为单数,但意义上为复数,谓语动词要用复数形式;主语形式上是复数,但意义上为单数,谓语动词用单数形式。, p9 l$ q8 W+ b# A
  One hundred tons of water were used last week.(强调数量)3 B# T2 u; E# E9 N7 u
  Ten minutes is enough.(强调整体)) z  g# X! b) n2 j# M( M3 d
  News is travelling fast nowadays., r, i' ]( i- Y+ I$ m
  This glass works was built in 1985.) |+ T6 f: i; X6 h5 k+ c
  有复数意义的名词,如:police,militia,people,cattle等作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。如:
3 W2 A" Q' Z: Q7 m$ a! d  The police are trying to catch the thief who has stolen a bike.3 _+ U2 \4 a! x1 |
  Cattle feed on grass.0 S  B9 E8 k5 l9 N
  有些集合名词,如:family,group,crowd,class,audience,government,committee。说话人把它们所表示的人或事当做整体看时,作单数看待,谓语动词用单数形式;说话者把它们表示的人或事物当做若干个体来看时,作复数看待,谓语动词也用复数形式。如:
$ Y$ F* K+ a# K- d6 n5 L0 i, Z/ R  My family is large.+ L$ X! `/ |6 G* }3 a; u+ A7 q6 B0 M% ~
  My family are anxious about his safety.
# z7 k4 c  ?0 a1 S! M  ③就近一致:由并列连词如:whether…or,not only…but also,either…or,neither…nor,or连接的并列主语,谓语动词与其最近的主语保持一致。如:
: j# `' o5 x. V$ ~- z8 B  Either his friends or his brother is wrong., c6 T. N7 L0 I& y8 _3 \
  Either his brother or his friends are wrong.4 p' |$ T; E; H2 u' Y- u( n
  Not only you but also he is wrong.: ]; O" Q- D" q0 A4 P
  Not only he but also you are wrong.
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