2010年职称英语：卫生类A级试卷——阅读理解

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　　Bringing Nanotechnology to Health Care for the Poor
　　Nanotechnology uses matter at the level of molecules and atoms. Researchers are finding different uses for particles with a length of one nanometer, or one-billionth of a meter, These include things like beauty products1 and dirt-resistant clothing. But one area where many experts believe nanotechnology holds great promise is medicine.
　　Last week, speakers at a program in Washington discussed using nanotechnology to improve health care in developing countries. The program took place at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Peter Singer at the University of Toronto says a nanotechnology called quantum dots2 could be used to confirm cases of malaria. He says it could offer a better way than the traditional process of looking at a person’s blood under a microscope.
  @1 n- }1 W/ Z1 q% }' K　　In poor countries, this process is often not followed. As a result, sick people may get treated for malaria even if they do not have it. Such misuse of medicines can lead to drug resistance. Quantum dots are particles that give off3 light when activated. Researchers are studying ways to program them to identify diseases by lighting up in the presence of a targeted molecule. 4
% x0 l" v$ z8 o　　Experts say nanotechnology shows promise not just for diagnosing diseases, but also for treating them. Piotr Grodzinski of the National Institutes of Health5 talked about how nanotechnology could make drugs more effective. He talked about cancer drugs already developed with nanotechnology. He says if a drug can target a cancer locally in the body, then much less of it might be needed, and that means lower side effects.6
+ ~/ ?4 u" h2 r7 a* V2 a5 L4 N/ N　　Andrew Maynard is chief scientist for the Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies at the Woodrow Wilson Center. He noted that Brazil, India, China and South Africa are currently doing nanotechnology research that could help poor countries. But he also noted that there is some risk in using nano-materials. He says nanometer-sized particles behave differently in the body and the environment compared to larger particles7. Experts say more investment in research is needed to better understand these risks.
　　词汇：
  K+ w5 B" T& h　　nanotechnology/5nAnEutek7nlEdZI/n 纳米技术 matter/5mAtE/n.物质
　　molecule/5mClikju:l, 5mEu-/n.分子atom/5AtEm/n.原子
6 B  @% w" l- i  a　　nanometer/5neinE7mi:tE/n.纳米，毫微米 (长度单位，=10-9m)one-billionth n.十亿分之一dirt-resistant adj，防尘的，防污的promise/5prCmis/n.希望，前途program/5prEu^rAm/(=programme)n.节目，节目单vt.为……编制程序scholar/5skClE/n.学者quantum/5kwCntEm/n.量;量子.
　　dot/dCt/n.(小)点，圆点confirm/kEn5fE:m/vt.确认;证实case/keis/n.病症;病例; malaria/mE5lZEriE/n.疟(疾) misuse/5mis5ju:z/n.误用，滥用 particle/5pB:tikl/n.颗粒.微粒：粒子activate/5Aktiveit/vt.使激活 identify/ai5dentifai/v.辨认diagnose/5daiE^nEuz/vt.诊断(疾病)
0 I* j* Z, i/ @# |, h* W% x+ n　　Brazil/brE5zil/n.巴西nano-material n.纳米材料investment/ in5vestmEnt / n.投资;投资额
4 O8 y/ E1 h' M  n2 E8 S" u! p" v　　练习：
　　1. Which of the following uses of nanotechnology is NOT mentioned in the passage?
　　A To make beauty products and dirt-resistant clothing.
  q2 O6 l8 h/ j( h; Z0 d- s　　B To produce better and lighter building materials.
　　C To help more accurately diagnose diseases.
% C% ~# N8 z, j4 v& d　　D To help more effectively treat diseases.
　　2. How can quantum dots be used to confirm diseases?
9 K( N! Y; g) `- x( |  x　　A By traditionally looking at a person’s blood under a microscope.
5 Z9 u& i/ A$ q　　B By letting a person take some kind of medicine.
　　C By lighting up in the presence of a targeted molecule.
, f2 u/ y. f- X1 N8 g　　D By subjecting a person to an X-ray examination.
, o0 P; q% m- [+ V: [　　3. How can nanotechnology be used to make a drug more effective?
- o6 t& Z  f1 Z. |　　A By making a drug target the focus of a disease.
　　B By changing the structure of the body cells.
& @! \4 Y- ]5 p　　C By lowering the side effects caused by a drug.
　　D By letting a patient take a dose as large as possible.
# t9 u* j7 i' y3 n& ?$ R　　4. The following developing countries are doing very well scientific research on nanotechnology EXCEPT______.
' |% b# ^$ A6 B! J; s' {　　A China B Brazil C Iran D India

  F, W' m6 p& g　　5. Which of the following is the possible risk in using nano-materials mentioned in the passage?

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</p>　　A They may cause some damage to the body cells.
, Y! o& T; R$ u; A& P) ^: y; t7 J　　B They are harmful materials themselves.
5 H- J: t9 C0 I2 Z( s  K! K3 ]0 I* D　　C They may store in the body.
　　D They may behave differently in the body and the environment.
　　答案与题解：
　　1.B 本题选项A在第一段第三句提到，选项C在第二段倒数第二句和第四段第一句提到，选项D则在第四段第二、三、四句提到，只有选项B全文均未提及。
　　2.C 第三段最后两句说到，如果存在靶分子的话，量子点就会发光，以此辨认疾病，这正是本题答案。
- A7 P3 P: r- d: e" T" X) c　　3.A 第四段全段都在讲纳米技术如何提高药物疗效，而中心就在于纳米技术能使药物对准疾病病灶(文章中实际是举已经研发的治癌药为例)从而提高药物疗效。
　　4.C 第五段第二句已经说得很清楚，其中并没有Iran。
　　5.D 第五段第三、四句说到，纳米材料的颗粒在体内和在体外环境中作用可能不太一样，因此可能存在某种危险性。其实言外之意还存在未知数，所以后一句才说需要更多投入以便搞清它们的危险性。
　　Multivitamins Urged for All Pregnant Women
　　A recent study in Tanzania found that when pregnant women took vitamins every day, fewer babies were born too small. Babies that weigh less than two and one-half kilograms at birth have a greater risk of dying. Those that survive are more likely to experience problems with their development. And experts say that as adults they have a higher risk of diseases including heart disease and diabetes. The World Health Organization1 estimates that every year twenty million babies are born with low birth weight. Nine out of ten of them are born in developing countries.
% e4 u. B2 W( h8 D2 i/ h( m　　The new study took place in Dares Salaam. 4, 200 pregnant women received multivitamins. The pills contained all of the vitamins in the B group along with2 vitamins C and E. They also contained several times more iron and folate than the levels advised for women in developed nations. Pregnant women especially in poor countries may find it difficult to get enough vitamins and minerals from the foods in their diet.
　　The scientists compared the findings with results from a group of 4,000 women who did not receive the vitamins. A report by the scientists, from the United States and Tanzania, appeared in the New England Journal of Medicine. 3 Wafaie Fawzi of the Harvard University School of Public Health4 led the study. None of the women in the study had HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. The scientists reported earlier that daily multivitamins were a low-cost way to reduce fetal deaths in pregnant women infected with5 HIV. The earlier work in Tanzania also found improvement in the mothers in their number of blood cells known as lymphocytes. Lymphocytes increase the body’s immunity against infection.
6 U! M# |8 k- o$ P! {7 v4 I# |/ V　　The new study in pregnant women who were not infected with the AIDS virus found that multivitamins reduced the risk of low birth weight. Just under eight percent of the babies born to women who took the multivitamins weighed less than 2,500 grams. The rate was almost nine and one-half percent in the group of women who received a placebo, an inactive pill, instead of the vitamins. But the vitamins did not do much to reduce the rates of babies being born too early or dying while still a fetus. Still, the researchers say multivitamins should be considered for all pregnant women in developing countries.
# V- K/ H, E$ ^! B+ X　　词汇：
! m, F- S! u+ y5 q# z; v; `　　multivitamin/7mQlti5vaitEmin/adj.多种维生素的 urge/E:dV/v.促进/v.极力主张;强烈要求;敦促 pregnant/5pre^nEnt/adj.怀孕的，妊娠的
　　Tanzania/7tAnzE5ni:E/n.坦桑尼亚(非洲国家) diabetes/7daiE5bi:ti:z, -ti:s/n.糖尿病，多尿症 Dar es Salaam/5dB:r es sE5lB:m/n.达累斯萨拉姆(坦桑尼亚首都)folate/5fEuleit/n.叶酸盐 mineral/5minErEl/n.矿物质;无机盐adj.矿物质的;无机的 fetal/5fi:tl/adj.胎儿的, 胎的
$ h% M" B2 B/ n& V7 Q　　lymphocyte/5limfEsait/n.淋巴球, 淋巴细胞immunity/i5mju:niti/n..免疫力;免疫性 infection/in5fekFEn/n.传染，感染;传染病 placebo/plE5si:bEu/n.安慰剂;安慰剂治疗 inactive/in5Aktiv/adj.无作用的 pill/pil/n.药丸，丸剂fetus/5fi:tEs/n.胎，胎儿
　　练习:
　　1. How many babies are born with low birth weight in the developed countries every year according to WHO?
; i8 m6 E  w# r% K! X3 a2 m　　A 20,000,000.
　　B 18,000,000.
# P' }7 h: ]1 f- m4 i
　　C 2,000,000.

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</p>　　D 38,000,000.
　　2. A pill of multivitamins may contain all of the following substances EXCEPT
1 q, K$ t) K( M0 W4 B5 m　　A all vitamins in the B group.
3 h* g  B% m: P% S　　B vitamins C and E.
　　C much iron and folate.
, b2 x+ L1 O, C　　D antiviral substances.
1 D! |2 e8 z* ^1 L2 r　　3. Which of the following is NOT one of the effects of multivitamins mentioned in the passage?
* u8 Y8 ~2 T+ Q# R6 M, ^　　A To reduce the rate of babies born too early.
　　B To reduce the risk of low birth weight.
　　C To reduce fetal deaths in pregnant women infected with HIV.
3 w; q. G& T; n　　D To increase the number of lymphocytes in mothers’ blood.
5 S& n* g0 A/ n0 X5 O: d4 `6 G　　4. What a role do lymphocytes play in the human body?
; J! N# G1 g/ K4 A! v　　A To reduce the rate of dying while still a fetus.
　　B To raise the body’s immunity against infection.
2 B, k: y3 A( y. i, Q0 e! w　　C To help prevent the development of heart disease.
+ _: P4 f  Q; c0 c$ I$ K　　D To help prevent the development of diabetes.
0 Y! V( `2 m" B$ W  S　　5. How many percent of babies were born with low birth weight to women who were not infected with the AIDS virus and took the multivitamins according to a new study?
8 X0 O3 D3 i8 H3 Q  {: r　　A Less than8%.
　　B About 9.5%.
　　C 1.5%.
0 m% c' [: n8 d& ^0 D　　D 17.5%.
3 y1 |" ?/ N' X& G! X/ f　　答案与题解：
/ ^* d7 f2 H% K8 \  |/ y　　1.C 第一段最后两句说到，WHO估计每年有2000万出生婴儿体重过低，其中十个中有九个生于发展中国家，可见发达国家只占十分之一，故应是200万。
0 Z8 j$ Z0 n/ B* i* r　　2.D 文章第二段第二、三句已经说明，选项A、B、C均是多种维生素片所含的物质，只有D项没有提及，而且也不可能。
6 t5 P- {1 j9 c' c! b! M　　3.A 关于多种维生素制剂的作用，B项在第四段第二句提到，C项在第三段倒数第三句提到， D项在第三段最后两句提到，只有A项在第四段倒数第二句中提到它时却说维生素对它不起什么作用。
　　4.B 第三段最后一句是文章中唯一一句说明淋巴细胞在身体中的作用的句子，故是正确答案，其他A、C、D三项都与淋巴细胞无关。
% Q! x$ x) U1 Z9 b1 h5 A　　5.A 第四段第一句和第二句已经将本题答案说得很清楚，其中的just under eight percent (只不足8%)正是A项的less than 8%。
　　Warm People Likely to Keep Cold at Bay1
4 I# H/ h* R8 r, l% g: o# y* i　　Staying positive2 through the cold season could be your best defense against getting iii, new study findings suggest. is an experiment that exposed healthy volunteers to a cold or fluvirus3, researchers found that people with a generally sunny disposition4 were less likely to fall ill.
; H* I7 Y% n, a4 \( n　　The findings, published in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine, build on evidence that a “positive emotional style” 5 can help ward off the common cold and other illnesses. Researchers believe the reasons may be both objective as in happiness boosting immune function and subjective as in happy people being less troubled by a scratchy throat6 or runny nose.
1 P2 S! Q; j1 F, S0 T　　“People with a positive emotional style may have different immune responses to the virus,”explained lead study author Dr Sheldon Cohen of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh. “And when they do get a cold, they may interpret their illness as being less severe.”
　　Cohen and his colleagues had found in a previous study that happier people seemed less susceptible to7 catching a cold, but some questions remained as to8 whether the emotional trait itself had the effect.
  N1 q! z( j% |3 e　　For the new study, the researchers had 193 healthy adults complete standard measures of personality traits, self-perceived health and emotional “style”. Those who tended to be happy, energetic and easy going were judged as having a positive emotional style, while those who were often unhappy, tense and hostile had a negative style.
* c% S+ c; m7 ?　　The researchers gave them nasal drops containing either a cold virus or a particular flu virus. Over the next six days, the volunteers reported on any aches, pains, sneezing or congestion they had, while the researchers collected objective data, like daily mucus production. Cohen and his colleagues found that based on objective measures of nasal woes, happy people were less likely to develop a cold.
  N9 k2 ~& W# p# g0 d9 g1 c　　词汇：
7 K$ p* ?5 {6 P2 s) A9 |; t　　bay/bei/n.绝境，穷途末路 flu/flu:/流感/(influenza的简称)流(行性)感(冒) virus/5vaiErEs/n.病毒 disposition/dispE5ziFEn/n.本性，性情
　　psychosomatic/7saikEusEu5mAtik/adj.心身的，身心的 boost/bu:st/v.提高，举起
3 A2 @9 y! X8 @9 C7 [! F, V! a0 p　　scratchy/5skrAtFi/adj.刺痛的，使人发痒的 runny/5rQnI/adj.流粘液的

　　pittsburgh/5pitsbE:^/n.匹兹堡(美国城市) colleague/5kCli:^/n.同事

会计考友

</p>　　susceptible/sE5septEbl/adj.易感的，敏感的
1 p) B, c" X! Z: f3 p! F　　catch/kAtF/vt.感染到 trait/treit/n.特质;特性 perceive/pE5si:v/vt.发觉，觉察;理解 energetic/7enE5dVetik/.adj.精力充沛的，精神饱满的easy-going /i:zi5gEuin/adj.随和的 tense/tens/adj.紧张的 hostile/5hCstail/adj.敌意的 nasal/5neizEl/adj.鼻的 ache/eik/n.(长时间连续的)疼痛，酸痛 sneeze/sni:z/vi打喷嚏 congestion/kEn5dVestFEn/n.充血 mucus/5mju:kE s/n.粘液woe/wEu/n.痛苦，苦恼;(复)灾难，苦头
　　注释：
　　1.Warm People likely to Keep Cold Gt Bay：情绪乐观的人不易患感冒。warm people原意是“热心肠的人，情绪高昂的人”，keep/hold…to bay是“使……走投无路，不使……接近”的意思，因此本题目如果直译则是”情绪高昂的人可能让感冒不能得逞”或“情绪高昂的人可能远离感冒”或“情绪高昂的人可能拒感冒于千里之外”。
$ d3 F$ T) V7 c3 H. m* r" f. {% h　　2.staying positive：保持积极向上(的情绪)
　　3.exposed healthy volunteers to a cold or flu virus：使健康的志愿者接触感冒(病毒)或流感病毒。expose原意是“使暴露，使面临”，这里expose sb.to sth。是“使……接触……”的意思。
3 J$ @, T3 B- N; b% x& M$ }　　4.sunny disposition：乐观开朗的个性
( A/ p1 a! M: _: [- U" L　　5.positive emotional style：乐观情绪型，情绪积极型
, ^0 A$ L6 L/ S- O) G4 c( y　　6.scratchy throat：嗓子痛
( ~  Z6 J. n$ e　　7.susceptible to：对……敏感的，容易受到……影响的
　　8.as to：关于，至于
　　练习：
) Z! \% [  b6 E) X8 ?& p* u/ Y　　1. According to a study author, when people with a positive emotional style do get a cold, they may think
5 m) @# ?4 q: C　　A that their illness is very serious
0 @0 x* B$ A% r# r+ D9 k" J: j　　B that their illness is not so serious
, j4 u# M" \: k: A& a! r  V' ?　　C that they do not get any illness at all
8 v3 w: N( V, w( Q0 k& \) \　　D that the illness they get is not a mild one
　　2. People with a positive emotional style may have all of the followingcharacteristics EXCEPT
　　A happy
　　B selfish
1 D, V( ?% H) J9 N% p& _0 F/ F) x　　C easy-going
　　D energetic
* `. }, O% G5 y# {6 A　　3. Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics that people with a negativeemotional style may have?
　　A Hostile.
　　B Unhappy.
　　C Warm-blooded.
　　D Tense.
; N/ h; k8 B2 s+ j* a  M　　4. How did the researchers test their volunteers?
! X' o, E; R& u9 x9 Y! Z! _6 e0 [　　A By giving everyone nasal drops containing either a cold virus or a particular flu virus.
) S! ?: C6 K" w# A) z; s　　B By giving everyone a medicine that help lessen the probability of catching cold.
　　C By giving everyone an injection boosting immune function.
8 m0 ]1 s- e( D1 h　　D By investigating everyone’s characteristics, interests and hobbies.
- E: o+ i4 ~- Z& h: f- |  f　　5. Which of the following items is NOT included in the data that the researchers collected?
9 [' b$ l& l3 f4 W# j$ Y, l7 q　　A Mucus production.
9 A) P5 q3 b0 S/ m. B7 V$ ]　　B Aches and pains.
) t3 q5 @2 r5 _2 c: u　　C Sneezing or congestion.
8 r- z5 \, M/ O- u　　D Blood test.
$ Z( y. a8 ~( i3 y. @$ |- ~6 V. a　　答案与题解：
　　1.B 本题答案来自第三段，其中第二句说：“当他们的确患感冒时。他们认为病情并不太严重”。
　　2.B 选项A、C、D在第五段第二句均提到，只有B项没提到，而且从逻辑推理，情绪乐观的人绝不会是“自私自利”的人。
　　3.C 选项A、B、D也均在第五段第二句提到，而C项”热情洋溢”也不应届于情绪低落、消极的人所应有的性格特征。
; O7 c9 t1 C. {1 z　　4.A 第六段第一句说的就是“研究者给这些志愿者一些含有感冒病毒或某种流感病毒的滴鼻剂”，这正是本题答案。
　　5.D 选项A、B、C在第六段第二句均提到，而D项则不在其中之列。