弗里德曼教授说:
4 G$ R4 e( F6 u% z The effect was primarily, I would say, after World War Two. The effect was to encourage politicians to do what politicians love to do - spend money and not raise taxes.2 m3 g" S4 {- n
我觉得(凯恩斯理论)在二次世界大战以后产生了根本性的影响。这种影响鼓励政治家们去做他们喜爱做的事:花钱但不增加税收。
5 S# P$ R8 p6 ] The Keynesian theory, not as Keynes himself necessarily presented it, but as it was interpreted both in the intellectual community and in the media and the press, said that if you have high unemployment, the way to solve that is to cut taxes and increase government spending - at least create a government deficit.& q# \/ s0 z" m/ `
我们所说的凯恩斯理论,不一定是凯恩斯自己原来提出的那套理论,而是经过学术界和新闻媒体做了解释的理论。这种理论认为对付高失业问题的办法是削减税收和增加政府开支,至少要在政府预算中造成赤字。
+ U9 S6 }& z; G9 v3 }9 s Now the government could have created the deficit entirely by cutting taxes and not increasing spending, but if you're sitting in the House of Commons in London or in Australia, or in the United States, obviously the thing you'd like to do is to increase spending.
# Q& X, K9 \) |/ y' e 现在政府完全可以通过减税而不增加开支来造成赤字。但如果你身居伦敦的英国议会下院,或是澳大利亚或美国的议会,很明显你愿意做的是增加开支。
* l+ r1 s0 E9 ]4 t( i And so the major effect of the Keynesian orthodoxy in the post-war period was to encourage an expansion in government spending as a fraction of income, and to contribute to the inflation of the 1970s.
; B( m# c" z' q# P/ j. I) r 因此凯恩斯传统理论在战后时期的主要影响在于鼓励政府增加开支作为人们收入的部分来源,也就促成了一九七十年代的通货膨胀。
2 X& [8 }. I, J( |) ], w% B2 P 下面我们再完整听一遍弗里德曼教授的这段谈话。(略). K+ u2 n y; ?+ N
在这一讲和上一讲中,我们为您简单介绍了经济学中曾红极一时的凯恩斯理论和对这一理论的不同看法。) X# P+ v1 m+ \' P0 }& }$ ?
在结束这一讲之前,我们再复习一下今天涉及的一些英文词汇:
( G e w7 D2 |2 Q/ C4 [1 r 1 Keynesian orthodoxy 凯恩斯传统理论" n5 Y' c4 r& g1 @( q
2 monetary policy 货币政策,指一国中央银行对货币和信贷的调节管理政策
A/ J, ?' O0 j: ^8 c 3 easy money 低息贷款,银根松动/ C. _& Q5 f$ t2 `; f
4 misinterpretation 曲解; O7 k0 U9 M+ T6 c, U2 [- L
5 Federal Reserve system 联邦储备系统
+ v: ^0 B, m& q9 E 6 the effect 作用,影响3 N/ ^1 Z6 W. ~ W$ m7 a) b; s6 h
7 intellectual community 知识界,学术界+ m7 d4 `6 M+ a( a) L2 `
8 cut tax 减税& l3 K6 t- u' d! a
9 government deficit 政府赤字( c, Z0 W f7 ?: a7 E! M* o
10 the House of Commons 议会下院 |