在上一讲中我们提到英国经济学家凯恩斯的经济理论曾在经济学领域掀起了一场革命。他认为经济衰退是由对商品和服务的有效需求不足而引起的,政府可以对此采取措施,影响经济的发展。二次大战后各国政府纷纷接受这一理论,承担起对经济运作的责任。 今天我们要介绍一下经济学界对凯恩斯经济理论的不同看法。/ N5 d5 R' z* D: V8 A3 l
甚至在凯恩斯理论的鼎盛时期,也一直存在着对这一理论的争执。一九七六年获得诺贝尔经济学奖的美国教授弗里德曼就是持有不同看法的学者之一。1 r+ ^. A2 ~2 D. {
在听弗里德曼教授讲述他的观点之前,我们先来学几个他要在谈话中使用的英文词汇:( m. k) R' u& m8 B: z3 H' P
1 keynesian orthodoxy 凯恩斯传统理论2 monetary policy 货币政策,指一国中央银行对货币和信贷的调节管理政策。 : K& n- _, y/ h$ ~ 3 easy money 低息贷款,银根松动4 misinterpretation 曲解5 federal reserve system 联邦储备系统 ; \% B# ^) d0 M- c7 n 下面我们听一下弗里德曼教授对凯恩斯理论的不同看法: 0 H7 O' [# P$ A) i6 s% } in the first place the reason keynesian orthodoxy came into so much favour was because of a widespread misinterpretation of the great depression. and it was widely interpreted as showing that monetary policy couldn't work. it was interpreted that way because of course all of the central bankers kept saying that they were engaged in very easy money and that the economy was declining in spite of them, their actions, and not because of their actions. $ P1 o8 S3 T: O+ K( U" Y 首先,凯恩斯理论之所以这样受宠,是因为广泛流传的对大萧条的错误解释。大萧条被普遍认为表明了货币政策的无效,因为所有中央银行官员都坚持说银根已经放得很松。尽管他们采取了行动,经济仍然衰退,而衰退并不是由于他们的行动造成的。