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[考试辅导] 银行及其新功能Banks and Their New Role

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发表于 2012-8-16 08:12:37 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
  The principal and primary function of banks is to serve as middlemen in the making of payments. In doing so they transform inactive money capital into active,  that is, into capital yielding a profit; they collect all kinds of money revenues and place them at the disposal of the capitalist class.
9 X2 B) |5 ^0 _$ N) l& T   银行最基本、最主要的功能是在支付过程中充当中介。在此过程中,银行将闲置的钱转化为流通的钱,也就是说,转化为产生利润的资本;它们将各种货币收入集中起来,再投放给资本家,由他们支配。 : U$ S) d' V; q" R- I  F
   As banking develops and becomes concentrated in a small number of establishments, the banks grow from modest middlemen into powerful monopolies. They have at their command almost the whole money capital of all the capitalists and small businessmen and also the larger part of the means of production and sources of raw materials in any one country or in a number of countries. This transformation of numerous modest middlemen into a handful of monopolists is one of the fundamental processes in the growth of capitalism into capitalist imperialism.
/ y$ E0 g5 C$ E0 i/ b   随着银行的发展并集中于少数几家机构,银行逐步从单纯的中介成长为强大的垄断者。银行几乎控制着一国乃至数国大小资本家和商家的全部货币资本和大部分生产资料及原料来源。从大批普普通通的中介转化为少数垄断者的过程是资本主义向资本帝国主义发展的一个重要步骤。 8 h. R$ Z2 v. r4 X4 G4 @8 J* h
   I have emphasized the reference to the “affiliated” banks, because it is one of the most important distinguishing features of modern capitalist concentration... Again and again the final word in the development of banking is monopoly.
+ B7 t( T0 I9 a% R! X6 M- S2 |   我之所以着重提到“附属”银行,是因为这是现代资本集中的最重要、最显著的特征之一。实践反复证明,银行业发展的必然结果是垄断。
& V9 S5 F& n1 y   As regards the close connection between the banks and industry, it is precisely in this sphere that the new role of the banks is, perhaps, most strikingly felt. When a bank discounts a bill for a firm, opens a current account for it, etc., these operations, taken separately, do not in the least diminish its independence and the bank plays no other part than that of a modest middleman. But when such operations are multiplied and become an established practice, when the bank “collects” in its own hands enormous amounts of capital, when the running of a current account for a given firm enables the bank to obtain fuller and more detailed information about the economic position of its client, the result is that the industrial capitalist becomes more completely dependent on the bank.
* a! u# v6 s( k0 I   就银行和工业的密切关系而言,银行新功能的最突出体现就在于此。当银行为企业办理票据贴现,开立活期账户等业务时,这些单独办理的业务活动,丝毫不降低它的独立性,银行只是起着单纯的经纪人作用。但是,当这类业务活动成倍增加,并成为固定的业务;当银行把大量的资本“收集”在自己的手中;当经营某公司的活期存款使得银行对该公司的经济情况有了更全面、更详细的了解,其结果是工业资本家更加依赖于银行。
% B& K9 P+ e: |   At the same time a personal union, so to speak, is established between the banks and the biggest industrial and commercial enterprises, the merging of one with another through the acquisition of shares, through the appointment of bank directors to the Supervisory Boards  (or Boards of Directors) of industrial and commercial enterprises, and vice versa.
9 p) d9 f1 ^9 Q# Z6 [   与此同时,在银行和大型工商企业之间,一种可喻之为“私人”的关系已建立起来了,即通过相互持有股份;通过向对方监事会(或董事会)委派董事而形成相互之间的合并。 5 l+ E8 K; n! w7 U
   New Words
3 W( w% Z  l( ]' a   role n.
$ J1 J2 |, u% A# }; F9 z   function n. 6 M# _# v/ v; d9 {. ?' I% t( a
   middlemen n. # O1 K  V) Q( q* p4 o( ~; f; ^, Z
   transform vt. 8 \0 T7 I3 N8 U' ?: b; y
   inactive a.
8 W3 \2 [. N# z4 L7 V2 z6 x/ u, E! U   capital n. 9 s6 X& }4 R5 v1 W+ H8 Z! s8 d
   active a.
2 h2 @6 M' _1 @0 N& T   yield v. 1 b6 |" W; l2 g! b# @
   profit n. 3 r" _5 t: q+ ?0 J& |& |
   collect v. ) t$ j& D: W5 p; ]
   revenue n.
, C9 P! b; K/ v- ]   disposal n.
$ H+ d- _+ r3 M0 y   concentrate vt. # J6 J! C! H2 i
   establishment n.
, X5 K1 I4 J/ j2 E. H   modest a. 2 b% v" \. ^3 e0 @. p
   powerful adj. , }- k' Y- v$ n, D2 l2 O  g$ G
   monopoly n. . X: k& c# w- u  o6 u: L
   command n.
$ ~! V( Q6 @$ L   businessmen & w1 h+ O( G4 f' G6 P" S/ H+ I# t
   monopolist n. ( {* X. [# P/ R" R( a& e: \  Z! M
   fundamental adj.
5 z# ~/ ^7 M1 N4 o2 J4 m  q   process n.
$ y# t6 ?3 k$ U- [3 |  A   imperialism n.
# U8 i0 q* K( v' ]# u   emphasize vt.
5 c6 i! r! o% X- {7 j! s' i$ ^   reference n. $ m, U, [. R4 d
   affiliated adj. 7 U5 u. X% o, s' q  j
   distinguishing adj. 9 R* a- j& q' I3 g. X$ T! `
   feature n.
# {- U" y# I  n; O1 ]" o. q   modern adj. % g& x' T) b3 c6 o+ g7 ~! h
   concentration n. 6 R% w* J, F9 U. b2 b5 ~
   connection n.
0 E6 L6 L  k8 i$ J   sphere n.
! H9 u# R% T; R9 H4 W   strikingly adv. $ K$ J6 c0 h6 M
   discount vt. # m, L2 a' e# \1 ~* a; B
   operation n. : U0 T: D/ V! a/ N) Q
   separately adv. : t* d. F1 w1 r" `5 k1 q
   diminish v. * g3 o/ f; X% Z* P7 j8 V
   independence n.
& O/ Z8 ?2 l: T. ?2 x" Z$ h5 O   multiply vt.
0 Q) M5 Y) y3 P! e; ]* T   enormous a.
, x1 P0 R' V/ d+ H   run v. 3 |  c2 e# J5 N  T0 I6 m
   dependent a. ) |+ z% T+ s$ |! r
   personal a. + @( P9 N. P, F5 L! s
   union n.
, V1 T/ t" R" B7 ?   merge v.
  S  v" N3 m: V5 a9 B" J' Z   acquisition n.
; F! \+ h1 ~8 H6 }5 l5 z; v7 e   share n.
# g& F2 t+ a* Y& U2 [   appointment n. " q6 t. R! U6 i. \
   director n.
" q8 K/ d- W5 o  u- k/ v   supervisory n. 6 g9 d6 N3 l$ {, d
   board n.单词
* B. b$ c8 `2 V) U, \   责任;功能
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 楼主| 发表于 2012-8-16 08:12:38 | 显示全部楼层

银行及其新功能Banks and Their New Role

   功能;作用;职责
$ Q* J, }" G: g: @) n   中间人
6 D, A& ^1 I  j( g   转换, 改变
- I' j6 O( c/ `0 D( ]/ U6 p   非活动的;不常用的
# o6 K2 b/ v( {   资本, 资金
7 }4 i5 m4 m+ v, d( t   活跃的;常用的 ( M( @# O5 Q1 H4 [% B1 A7 ]- U  G
   生长, 生产
) O$ _& N! i9 Z$ v, j  q   利润 6 E- |8 j& P3 ]$ z* V) \
   收集
) g" D% {" I0 @* S" B8 }   收入
$ ?6 S, k. W5 k   安排;支配 - E: {- C, P$ _2 [; o2 C5 g
   集中;集于一体 4 ^% S: [: w, n4 f
   设施;公司
9 @& a, ~) E5 `$ w  w" ]   不多的; 不大的
/ t$ ~, v3 P! \) a; x   强大的, 有力的 # K. ~  Y' q. y7 W$ X% U3 Z
   垄断 " b( X5 p& D* E8 r3 [2 R8 W
   命令;掌握 * N! h* B0 H9 G- T+ K8 s% N
   商人 1 B# w3 D: Q& |" w: e5 ?$ S
   垄断者
0 L* Z" Z" N0 c) s& o- D# [   基础的, 基本的 5 S: |$ a% H8 d6 _7 W% F& u
   程序;步骤
2 `% t7 c8 y& p& t1 z   帝国主义
9 s0 @, ~% _8 J; C8 D( c   强调, 着重
8 Z9 t0 J6 x1 `+ P- T. ~1 ?   提及;涉及;参考
$ V& i9 b) \5 T0 o( [  c  q9 \) S   附属的, 有关连的 $ z6 G1 s7 C  ]5 ?* m: X0 l
   有区别的 6 `4 r% ^$ Z( W5 ^
   特征;特色
& Z) d; y" b( ]! p% H* Q9 i   近代的, 现代的
$ k, o1 j; g/ j6 q2 Z$ {7 ^   集中, 集合
/ P3 H8 Y# ^4 `9 }   连接, 关系
+ \1 G' _) V3 b- {( q# h9 j* c   范围, 领域, . j; y( }- o+ _3 M2 Q3 C! r* G
   醒目地, 引人侧目地
1 z+ X( f" X2 w1 X   折扣;贴现 , ]" u3 H2 ^0 C! P
   操作;业务 8 D, s( q% m- r8 r7 w; |' O# b
   个别地;分离地 ) J& ]3 l9 h6 W7 m1 p' i+ e
   (使)减少, (使)变小
/ Y2 |5 J- o! u" w! O: m% {   独立;自主 , ~; x; v$ l; k- }0 I) O) ]
   乘
5 j. M, V( T9 Z8 T! y1 J; D# F$ [   巨大的;庞大的
* e+ H+ j' v" T4 v9 r/ ]   经营;管理 & I4 X+ V; b. ]$ j: O  {. k" W  c8 q+ I
   依靠的;依赖的
. e9 g/ l" i5 U5 o2 w7 G   私人的;个人的 - M- A% m& y. Q! j% f3 y! S
   结合;联盟
* t+ W' x9 t, `( w# @! A0 `5 o% k   合并;并入 9 I, k* u$ R5 ~- F# Z5 e. r6 U
   收购;买进 1 @1 H$ q$ ~! ^. c/ N4 S$ o
   股份;股票 6 F: w3 F9 {" F$ Q8 b6 ~
   任命 8 R4 B$ i- L) Z& Q
   (公司)董事
' f, R/ L! N& N$ x* o; B   监督
: L; K  I( k% C+ {  ~* \   管理委员会 ! L# V; o# I$ [# o% |
   Phrases and Expressions 0 B" K8 U% S; p
   transform…into… : b& Y2 n! f; X' {
   money capital 5 q& L# l6 D. o$ P% f
   money revenue ( i& }& t; v; Q0 D+ v! G0 p: R) C
   (place)…at the disposal of 9 x4 {0 l% Z+ Y2 c: X/ A
   capitalist class
' u0 w* f8 e3 B( d  }5 w; ~   at one’s command " S  F  k9 m3 I6 @5 B
   means of production
2 I  ^2 E6 j' m5 c4 k1 {   raw materials
* ]! U0 U3 K  ^1 B   a handful of
! W0 l2 P7 U; |+ w( P9 Q   capitalist imperialism
. o0 e9 M' r; q- ^- \+ X8 N, W   affiliated bank ) b0 _/ Z, I, j, b2 P" A8 M' A
   capitalist concentration / R6 [( r7 O; |/ |: d
   final word , {8 [9 F. W  b" Q" D
   as regards
* v2 C- p) s- s- F+ b   discounts a bill
- D0 l8 ~& }* d$ l4 Z% m0 @   established practice 4 w# E3 T% B! H: M/ E" \
   personal union
  ^  H9 f0 d$ ~" k4 j3 z3 Z   economic position
2 W7 h* J8 X; Z4 _! Q5 M) S$ t   industrial and commercial enterprises % n/ @* R) ~9 L5 Q! a; |# h) U7 ?  N
   acquisition of shares 8 }  d0 f% r2 w% Q& b; H5 G6 v6 y. A
   bank directors
3 Z3 [6 @  P) g0 H. X6 }# Y- t   Supervisory Boards
3 K1 k1 x3 v' V: X$ k% {   Boards of Directors
# c9 }; c- R  R8 d/ K/ u5 o& T1 |   vice versa短语与词汇 0 ?# e5 ]& Q8 I9 P
   将……转变为…… 1 f: d* j/ K- i& k1 G& c! f: d
   货币资金 . @4 u4 b' c8 |7 \
   货币收入 5 q7 y1 @2 N" G; Y% s
   任意使用   ~9 ]! z& L( J$ P/ t
   资产阶级
; ^- l3 G! l0 w. y, n   掌握;控制;对…有支配权 + W* h- f0 Q  T8 l
   生产资料
3 r9 d+ r$ j6 U# y2 G5 ~  |! B   原材料
7 u! [9 l) S# ]7 [# b$ K   少数;少量
% l; U3 h: \# [. {. J  X   资本帝国主义 & U9 X& h$ q/ ]+ u
   附属银行 ( r1 t6 W9 p. M) Q6 P1 ^
   资本积聚 ' Q: c; m# ]- g5 S; V# O  {
   必然结局 " h, y  l$ O# o
   关于
/ w  h& D2 N0 S% k" [: ^8 s) C   贴现票据 & s* ?. r9 a+ l$ q6 h/ J5 }
   固定业务;惯例 1 {0 V0 ]1 B8 {* x' d) W# d* A' `
   私人关系
$ q1 J& E/ ~4 G% N   经济状况
* `" @! T: W0 G0 O   工商企业 % n  \* R; l! o; Y
   买进股份(股票) " M& c: Z8 f+ u; w  k: V, X8 G
   银行董事
% z. V* N% G5 T) U3 C" v   监事会 : C, n. \' F$ q0 V$ I% A
   董事会 / z' f9 L/ E0 R
   反之亦然 - U( B  N' m8 R, X' N" \
  Notes
# u7 e/ ~/ S4 x5 _9 m  1.In doing so they transform inactive money capital into active, that is, into capital yielding a profit.
7 g& q* E4 N7 T, x9 o! t  r  在此过程中,银行将闲置的钱转化为流通的钱,也就是说,转化为产生利润的资本。
- V* q3 M. B2 A$ z" B( n  (1)in doing so: in the making of payments在支付过程中 % W( A' \+ I# s! c8 q1 n
  (2)transform…into…:将……转变为……
! D+ R- Q7 E, C  (3)inactive money capital闲置的货币资金
/ E& o0 l$ q3 u: l  \) v  (4)active (money capital)流通的(货币资金)
5 `4 ]% G8 ^* S- r  (5)(capital) yielding a profit产生利润(的资金)
& g# {+ `7 m- d' {  yielding a profit是分词短语,做后置定语,修饰前面的capital。
, v, c: @8 d, Z( Z  2.They collect all kinds of money revenues and place them at the disposal of the capitalist class. % E" E3 d( P3 z  O, u
  它们将各种货币收入集中起来,再投放给资本家,由他们支配。 0 z, v+ Y9 m. w/ P3 c3 {9 a! b, ?
  (1)money revenues货币收入 4 x0 v6 G" ]& l7 v" H$ y
  (2)place…at the disposal of供……自由使用 ; M8 [& L: m8 F5 q) Z7 n/ Z3 b4 K: L4 V
  (3)capitalist class资产阶级 / K: P8 s+ [- O1 X
  3.As banking develops and becomes concentrated in a small number of establishments, the banks grow from modest middlemen into powerful monopolies.
$ {3 q8 a8 Y4 A( ]7 c( W8 i  随着银行的发展并集中于少数几家机构,银行逐步从单纯的中介成长为强大的垄断者。
6 A! R6 g- Z3 t- b! ^& H  (1)as: conj.at the same time that; while:同时;当…时(引导时间状语从句) 7 `( x% G1 H- u. |+ J, V$ A3 a0 [$ m
  例:slipped on the ice as I ran home.
+ m& W1 q0 J% p$ `4 ?0 o  我跑回家时在冰上滑了一跤 5 z9 b1 t9 o2 R# z
  (2)a small number of (establishments)少数几家(公司) & Q2 X* _$ Q5 O" |6 P
  establishments:a place of business with its possessions and
0 m8 ^, X" Y: X+ B* X  staff.已建立的公司:拥有财产或人员的公司
( q/ S* m- A$ j3 G" B  (3)grow from…into…从……成长为……
  N. [5 \$ j$ v& C4 E# R/ b* M+ E1 z  (4)modest a.不多的; 不大的;价值不高的 7 S* V9 C2 g7 w$ J+ @: \& a
  例:There has been a modest decrease in house prices this year. ' W  n+ ?& C9 m/ [( t2 G; q( Q
  房价今年略有下降。 ! a4 K- J/ r& o7 r6 s5 I: P6 U& h
  4.This transformation of numerous modest middlemen into a handful of monopolists is one of the fundamental processes in the growth of capitalism into capitalist 2 E& [& F% U3 L& N- F/ ^" \: c
  imperialism.从大批普普通通的中介转化为少数垄断者的过程是资本主义向资本帝国主义发展的一个重要步骤。 0 v- m1 e' w! }! U0 D" b* a& b
  (1)此句为“主+系+表”结构。
3 H5 f& ?  O! `; s1 G  (2)This transformation of numerous modest middlemen into a handful of monopolists是主语
2 W9 t$ U- P  n! H6 V  (3)in the growth of…into…在……成长(发展)的过程中
5 F& s+ c) \) n3 T. h* w" |; T  5.I have emphasized the reference to the “affiliated” banks, because it is one of the most important distinguishing features of modern capitalist - l% f  H* }% \1 a8 a
  concentration.我之所以着重提到“附属”银行,是因为这是现代资本集中的最重要、最显著的特征之一。
$ e$ ^1 s' c) x) _  (1)emphasize the reference to…着重提到……
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 楼主| 发表于 2012-8-16 08:12:39 | 显示全部楼层

银行及其新功能Banks and Their New Role

  (2) “affiliated” banks“附属”银行,即“大多数股份被大银行(集团)所拥有的”银行
/ z6 N) W$ ]$ z( C( m  (3)distinguishing feature显著特点
- `$ M$ a& V  A# Y8 o! i  6.As regards the close connection between the banks and industry, it is precisely in this sphere that the new role of the banks is, perhaps, most strikingly
! @3 B5 A/ J% z0 f  felt.就银行和工业的密切关系而言,银行新功能的最突出体现就在于此。
: C4 W6 }4 \' k8 E& y4 m$ l  (1)As regards the close connection between the banks and
9 G8 n* e* U& d  v  industry做状语 , S& v) B. v& [; \' J+ M: B, M
  as regards: concerning关于 7 R# s+ I( O7 A* p: q+ A% K- e& q8 H1 z
  (2)it is precisely in this sphere that the new role of the
. c' L& U- j) N$ p3 O  banks is, perhaps, most strikingly felt为强调句型。正常语序为the new role
2 H) L: K" I1 ?( U# f3 k+ T  of the banks is, perhaps, most strikingly felt precisely in this sphere。
% U. o  g' D' L. J8 ]3 N; M  (3)feel: to undergo the experience of体验,经历:经历某种体会:
9 L, B: R) ^# L- L1 M% ]3 O& L  例:felt my interest rising; felt great joy.
0 @2 f, b; C# h  感到我的兴趣正在增长;感到非常快乐 5 ~( j+ s# |3 s6 Z% V9 z
  (4)sphere n.范围;领域;方面
7 V( \6 l, M: P' {  7.the merging of one with another through the acquisition of shares, through the appointment of bank directors to the Supervisory Boards (or Boards of Directors) of industrial and
, y- r1 ^7 l8 C. O/ p  commercial enterprises通过收购股份互相兼并,通过向对方监事会(或董事会)委派董事而形成相互之间的合并
( p( W- U3 W5 w; l! Z1 D; T1 A  (1)the merging of one with another互相兼并
" Y5 m; ]- w8 v& x5 L: \  (2)through the appointment of … to通过向……委派
  F$ t/ c3 q" p% D  (3)Supervisory Boards监事会
% ^& q6 \3 f$ h! ]  (4)Boards of Directors董事会
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