名词词组与分句互译原则& w' g6 k! h- I
汉语中的两大成分地位较低,分别是宾语和定语。在英译汉中,较长的宾语从句常常会转化为名词词组,比如在第一个例句中的“how”如果翻译为“如何化去税款”这个宾语从句,在汉语中就显得不伦不类,所有一些5w1h的疑问词基本上都有可能转化为名词,如when(时间),where(地点),who(人选),why(原因)。此外,对于修饰语较多的名词性短语,汉语也不喜欢用定语进行堆砌,而偏向用简单的主谓短语,如第二个例子中把“the most skeptical gates”翻译成“一个持怀疑态度的盖茨”,就不如变成主谓短语“盖茨对此持怀疑态度”。 # y* {0 }, ?# M5 |6 t they provide a means by which wealthy people and corporations can in effect decide how their tax payments will be spent.7 o; f5 S; Y& W- O/ g. p* F6 Q: j* k
基金会提供了一种方式,可以让有钱人和大公司能实际支配花去税款的方式。8 m5 g" N- p9 f) ^
but the most skeptical gates of the new millennium is someone who evinces a passion for giving and government aid.' d3 I/ Z) u5 y# n) I- r- {
但新千年盖茨对此持怀疑态度,热衷于施舍和政府援助。 : `- L5 a7 O. l5 q3 y1 R now, the debate has shifted away from the ethics of baby-making and toward the morality of cloning embryos for their cells and tissues, which might be used to treat diseases.; p2 D5 Y2 p: @- v3 N$ t
现在,争论已经从制造婴儿是否违背伦理,转到为提取用于治疗疾病的细胞和组织而克隆胚胎是否违背道德。# h( J. o/ c* i
but such self-interest is hardly enlightened. 8 ~4 \6 ?( q* Z4 I 但这种做法只考虑个人利益,自然难以获得支持。* ]0 E! m$ n: w
the project budget sustains both the existence of graduate students and the fiscal solvency of the university.* Q6 ^" ~1 O( L
研究生是否存在,大学是否存在资金偿还能力,这些都取决于项目预算。