1. dürfen (to be permitted, may)& x1 T' _% E. A# P' T B$ \
Present: Darf ich rauchen? May I smoke?- }8 f: Q, I2 y4 d
Past/Preterite: Er durfte das nicht. He wasn't permitted to do that.
4 R$ R Z" f8 _' O* N: x9 U3 P# | Pres. Perfect/Perfekt: Er hat dort nicht parken dürfen. He was not permitted to park there.
7 \: |% T6 q7 ?+ T% g2 f6 i Past Perfect/Plusquamperfekt: Wir hatten das damals machen dürfen. We had been allowed to do that back then.
" x! N6 U% \' i' H/ } Future/Futur: Wir werden das machen dürfen. We will be allowed to do that.7 D% ? v" _7 f. a- V: Z6 {& ]
Subjunctive/Konjunktiv: Wenn ich dürfte... If I were permitted...5 D( _ X7 x8 v: y @# S
NOTE: For all modals with umlauts, the simple past (preterite/Imperfekt) has no umlaut, but the subjunctive form always has an umlaut!
: N& @) y$ p! B9 Z0 U; U, ?4 `" G Sample Idiomatic Expressions:0 N' U* r( k' s' r
Was darf es sein? May I help you? (store clerk)
% W5 f) S* d; t% j$ j2 }* ~ Wenn ich bitten darf. If you please.
4 M6 \4 C- G+ V1 G2 O 2. k?nnen (to be able, can, know)
; P' R T% F! F9 M. x Present: Er kann gut fahren. He can drive well.' U/ p' d y- e+ e
Past/Preterite: Er konnte sie nicht leiden. He couldn't stand her., K, F& }6 Q4 |% y U' W$ o
Pres. Perfect/Perfekt: Er hat sie nicht leiden k?nnen. He couldn't stand her.
' I" U0 w" X# W' x' y8 ^ Past Perfect/Plusquamperfekt: Er hatte sie nicht leiden k?nnen. He had not been able to stand her.
+ Q. J2 I9 r+ A# \- u; O3 T Future/Futur: Er wird sie nicht leiden k?nnen. He won't be able to stand her.3 Z2 C2 P( j5 O# [$ ]9 G. X
Subjunctive/Konjunktiv: Wenn ich ihn nur leiden k?nnte... If I could only stand him...
/ ?5 ]$ g, K+ o E0 s NOTE: For all modals with umlauts, the simple past (preterite/Imperfekt) has no umlaut, but the subjunctive form always has an umlaut!
) ? ?8 _. d- K1 `7 b Sample Idiomatic Expressions:
' b9 V# J4 K- b9 V) ~ Sie k?nnten sich irren. You could be mistaken.
5 H# R8 C' b, I" Z5 e0 x6 D Das kann man wohl sagen. You can say that again.
1 t& K9 e! l; M Er kann Deutsch. He knows German. ("can German")9 U6 T2 ^9 V5 g) s$ e5 }3 f6 B
Er kann Sie jetzt sprechen. He can see you now. (doctor, dentist)
& k$ w% w% }! S2 P1 B: w 3. müssen (to have to, must)
9 R7 u' \4 k2 }# k. ?. U/ f Present: Ich muss dort Deutsch sprechen. I have to speak German there.+ e8 @7 ~$ v/ L2 u+ g& j$ v1 U
Past/Preterite: Er musste es nicht tun. He didn't have to do it.& O3 y4 X2 s" v5 f1 O& x2 G
Pres. Perfect/Perfekt: Wir haben mit der Bahn fahren müssen. We had to go by train.- c/ Q; S; x" F$ e1 |% R% u+ R
Future/Futur: Sie wird morgen abfahren müssen. She will have to depart tomorrow.
8 @1 ]8 o F: z r/ M4 b Subjunctive/Konjunktiv: Wenn ich müsste... If I had to...
# h, i0 h9 m8 z) f9 u K NOTE: For all modals with umlauts, the simple past (preterite/Imperfekt) has no umlaut, but the subjunctive form always has an umlaut!
1 g# R$ P' h6 `; ^6 W4 e; z Sample Idiomatic Expressions:* J$ ? L6 n! Q: B* X2 r
Ich muss nach Hause. I have to go home.8 G; d% }3 B: A2 J
Muss das sein? Is that really necessary?, ]4 ^7 C2 }' B" ]5 M4 k3 T
So müsste es immer sein. That's how it should be all the time.
. r" J0 ]7 C7 R6 x$ |6 b- K 4. m?gen (to like)3 n% D8 i! x! M% m+ e& C, Q
Present: Er mag die Suppe. He likes the soup.. C; A/ I, }4 Q* A8 s8 J
Past/Preterite: Er mochte die Stadt nicht. He didn't like the city.
. c: w$ b& I, ^( p9 T Pres. Perfect/Perfekt: Er hat das Essen nicht gemocht. He didn't like the food.
& t7 g7 A# x% c& p- z Future/Futur: Er wird das schon m?gen. He'll like that.
+ b+ W7 ^, W0 b6 i Subjunctive/Konjunktiv: Ja, er m?chte Wein. Yes, he'd like (some) wine.# j) P* C3 M" `! u# W
Subjunctive/Konjunktiv: Ich m?chte... I would like...# p5 m! H% [1 N0 J% X
NOTE: For all modals with umlauts, the simple past (preterite/Imperfekt) has no umlaut, but the subjunctive form always has an umlaut!
4 K9 W+ m" t" B. _$ x4 N Sample Idiomatic Expressions:- B% H7 W* f6 s5 C2 I
Das mag wohl sein. That well may be. / That may be so.
% R& q- A- O% l1 A$ K$ q Das mag der Himmel verhütten! Heaven forbid!6 g2 z1 O2 b' Y' a
Er mag/mochte etwa 1,3 Meter gro? sein. He must be/must have been about 1.3 meters tall.$ m; ~1 @2 Y- {* Q1 J
5. sollen (to be supposed to, should/ought to)
5 f8 v _; g Y; k- { Present: Er soll reich sein. He's supposed to be rich. / It's said that he's rich.
7 h: O* t, p* J9 e$ k. y Past/Preterite: Er sollte gestern ankommen. He was supposed to arrive yesterday.' G4 R: l6 C# s6 e: s8 p1 W- ?* R
Pres. Perfect/Perfekt: Du hast ihn anrufen sollen. You should have called him.( l4 n6 K* B+ n( I0 {
Future (in sense of): Er soll das morgen haben. He'll have that tomorrow.; |6 X" P! A* k" `, u4 p1 A c- U0 Y
Subjunctive/Konjunktiv: Das h?ttest du nicht tun sollen. You shouldn't have done that.
# {% _# `3 T. A/ O Subjunctive/Konjunktiv: Wenn ich sollte... If I should...
$ I* m0 u: N; U/ q; { Subjunctive/Konjunktiv: Sollte sie anrufen... If she should (happen to) call...
% A+ ~: } D6 U* O+ G" V Sample Idiomatic Expressions:
$ p+ S2 n& K$ G8 a
& O0 G% N, P; n2 O H! g0 A Das Buch soll sehr gut sein. The book is said to be very good. |