意大利语语法 ：虚拟式全攻略

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一、未完成虚拟式
- a. E0 ~5 h% I6 J# i8 [The imperfect subjunctive (congiuntivo imperfetto) is required when the verb in the dependent clause is in a past tense or the conditional. For conjugations of three regular verbs, see the table below.
, d- n% }( v$ {8 l　　CONJUGATING VERBS IN THE IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE
" _9 \5 q! r6 o　　PRONOUN CANTARE SAPERE FINIRE
　　che io cantassi sapessi finissi
6 O) }+ j  H, q- _9 u3 x. ~　　che tu cantassi sapessi finissi
　　che lui/lei/Lei cantasse sapesse finisse
, {$ F9 a8 A3 k% _　　che noi cantassimo sapessimo finissimo
　　che voi cantaste sapeste finiste
# }5 m- Z, T. D3 {　　che loro/Loro cantassero sapessero finissero
& {5 X6 ~2 }, j# g& a0 d　　Here are a few examples of the congiuntivo imperfetto:
　　Credevo che avessero ragione.(I thought they were right.)
' f* n0 W0 P% {2 z; V! m　　Non era probabile che prendessimo una decisione.(It wasn't likely we would make a decision.)
4 |9 d. w" d2 |+ u) {　　Non c'era nessuno che ci capisse.(There was no one who understood us.)
4 f  |3 E: L2 {　　Il razzismo era il peggior problema che ci fosse.(Racism was the worst problem there was.)
' j# c2 C& }" V, g. G二、意大利语现在完成虚拟式
+ s) U- ?. r  `. y7 [5 d0 XAs you've probably figured out by now, if there's a congiuntivo presente, there's a congiuntivo passato (present perfect subjunctive). And like other verb tense formations, the congiuntivo passato is a compound tenseformed with the congiuntivo presente of the auxiliary verb avereor essereand the past participleof the acting verb.
& i- M+ \- P! H) x# C! O　　CONGIUNTIVO PASSATOOF THE VERBS AVERE AND ESSERE
9 K9 l2 [( r  Y. a. H　　PRONOUN AVERE ESSERE
5 @4 U  ]) p9 `* O( Y　　che io abbia avuto sia stato(-a)
　　che tu abbia avuto sia stato(-a)
5 z, l& Y) X0 M8 B( U0 o　　che lui/lei/Lei abbia avuto sia stato(-a)
　　che noi abbiamo avuto siamo stati(-e)
! w$ }- t$ k  G6 N8 L　　che voi abbiate avuto siate stati(-e)
　　che loro/Loro abbiano avuto siano stati(-e)
　　Here are a few examples of the congiuntivo passato:
　　Credo che abbiano ripreso le discussioni.(I think they resumed discussions.)
　　Mi dispiace che abbia parlato così.(I'm sorry that he spoke that way.)
　　Siamo contenti che siano venuti.(We're glad they came.)
　　Non credo che siano andati in Italia.(I don't believe they went to Italy.)
& B" y( T3 A7 P$ D# S三、意大利语现在虚拟式
2 p# n/ _8 f+ uLanguage is fluid, and usage changes. A case in point is the subjunctive (il congiuntivo), which in English is rapidly becoming extinct. Phrases like "I suggest you go home immediately" and "Robert wishes that you open the window" are not in frequent use anymore.
　　In Italian, though, the subjunctive tense is alive and flourishing, both in speaking and writing. Rather than stating facts, it expresses doubt, possibility, uncertainty, or personal feelings. It can also express emotion, desire, or suggestions. The table below provides examples of three regular verbs conjugated in the present subjunctive tense.
, v/ H! D8 }  \4 O' T2 N6 w　　PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE
　　PRONOUN -ARE VERB -ERE VERB -IRE VERBS
$ E0 I3 r% R+ W/ A/ ^　　che io parli scriva senta capisca
　　che tu parli scriva senta capisca
% U( I' [$ p  v, d; H1 V+ E7 \1 b　　che lui/lei/Lei parli scriva senta capisca
　　che noi parliamo scriviamo sentiamo capiamo
　　che voi parliate scriviate sentiate capiate
　　che loro/Loro parlino scrivano sentano capiscano
　　Typical phrases that call for the subjunctive tense include:
% p4 g  e7 A' P7 K. Q% Q7 f! V　　Credo che...(I believe that...)
6 T2 `+ k/ `9 G( o/ E, m) M　　Suppongo che...(I suppose that...)
! Y: Q5 W! O9 y6 P( x6 j　　Immagino che...(I imagine that...)
. @0 q: U+ g" y8 {/ M4 ^6 C, ^1 g& ~　　necessario che...(It is necessary that...)
　　Mi piace che...(I'd like that...)
% e$ q7 u' T: k" t* T) g+ F$ `　　Non vale la pena che...(It's not worth it that...)
　　Non suggerisco che...(I'm not suggesting that...)
9 ?2 B/ ^) Q3 I$ ?% O5 a* R2 `　　Può darsi che...(It's possible that...)
1 p5 [) I7 V9 a( G3 e* S　　Penso che...(I think that...)
　　Non sono certo che...(I'm not sure that...)
3 L5 c% `7 d( B8 m　　probabile che...(It is probable that...)
　　Ho l'impressione che...(I have the impression that...)
. S4 R* k. s5 B/ m; J　　Certain verbs such as suggerire (to suggest), sperare (to hope), desiderare (to wish), and insistere (to insist) require use of the subjunctive.