意大利语 ：复合时态

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The compound tenses (i tempi composti) are verb tenses that consist of two words, such as the passato prossimo (present perfect). Both the verbs essere and avere act as helping verbs in compound tense formations. For example: io sono stato (I was) and ho avuto (I had).

1 Q' g# \- s: v8 M9 h8 f, uPresent Perfect with Avere
8 B4 t2 S9 y( t+ y7 W
In general, transitive verbs (verbs that carry over an action from the subject to the direct object) are conjugated with avere as in the following example:
9 o8 \0 j! n& r5 p/ h
Il pilota ha pilotato l’aeroplano. (The pilot flew the plane.)
& S; l8 _) V( L" R/ l# D( w" K* q
When the passato prossimo is constructed with avere, the past participle does not change according to gender or number:
  J- N5 O- H* f+ E) i* J! A
Io ho parlato con Giorgio ieri pomeriggio. (I spoke to George yesterday afternoon.)
# S7 W0 e5 u/ N+ B  N
# k  I( c  h: FNoi abbiamo comprato molte cose. (We bought many things.)
3 F& p. U" x0 w% E. c( M% g+ x) t
When the past participle of a verb conjugated with avere is preceded by the third person direct object pronouns lo, la, le, or li, the past participle agrees with the preceding direct object pronoun in gender and number. The past participle may agree with the direct object pronouns mi, ti, ci, and vi when these precede the verb, but the agreement is not mandatory.
, ]0 A8 w7 d# T; r3 b/ B+ V
8 D+ R& h6 K& i. c4 S3 O3 _* HHo bevuto la birra. (I drank the beer.)

( p, S# q* ~+ oL’ho bevuta. (I drank it.)
* ?# z4 {! Z* \- C; u, h
7 ?1 ~% F& S: p" T9 X8 wHo comprato il sale e il pepe. (I bought the salt and pepper.)
3 d& e# l+ B& \+ A' Q8 `
Li ho comprati. (I bought them.)
, ^, N2 S; a0 p. Z9 r9 ^, e
Ci hanno visto/visti. (They saw us.)

( G# o* k3 _. }& T- AIn negative sentences, non is placed before the auxiliary verb:

Molti non hanno pagato. (Many didn’t pay.)

8 _# Z1 _# @+ u0 G& W* L: DNo, non ho ordinato una pizza. (No, I didn’t order a pizza.)
0 L: r3 C9 K6 r# R5 \
) j4 q3 R: {( i  T# vPresent Perfect with Essere

When essere is used, the past participle always agrees in gender and number with the subject of the verb, so you have four endings to choose from: -o, -a, -i, -e. In many cases, intransitive verbs (those that cannot take a direct object), especially those expressing motion, are conjugated with the auxiliary verb essere. The verb essere is also conjugated with itself as the auxiliary verb.
1 M: h/ q! ]( O2 K' z+ M9 |+ N
Some of the most common verbs that form compound tenses with essere are listed in the table below:
0 G) q' X- V1 w& E. g  U; J
INTRANSITIVE ITALIAN VERBS THAT APPEAR WITH ESSERE IN PRESENT PERFECT
: J4 i; J. Q0 W# s; k% m* n; o; r
! s" E! ?9 h( z  Q4 `2 Y; xandare
& n  m! b9 o0 |* qto go
) K* [/ R; X, x( T
arrivare
to arrive

cadere
to fall

dimagrire
to diet

entrare
1 C% U% h; I3 W3 A4 L+ ^& {8 {" nto enter
) G% |, |4 m6 ~& t' a; F8 F& f
immigrare
' y9 p  L. R! L7 ~to immigrate
# T5 E/ A$ r% o4 K( C6 I1 \5 X
- z9 J& @7 ^' ?$ @+ O/ K2 Ymorire
1 l3 T; K& c  f: S0 zto die
5 U+ W2 d. T+ J  M# I) x
partire
% M3 m4 U+ b% S# Q$ lto depart

restare
to stay, to remain
0 m- s: @' n7 E# H- ~* O2 t6 K
(ri)tornare
to return
$ t) p1 `( @& }9 b  `2 _
- S) l+ P, Z! ?salpare
' p9 v- L8 L6 ~; E) j2 A! e# i9 pto weigh anchor, to set sail
0 I: t+ k6 r' t: Q1 ]1 ~
3 |" O- V4 }$ ?+ t2 ?sfuggire
) ^1 [. I' ^8 V4 E% H( vto run away, to flee
6 x% B! p  V" N. g. P7 n
; P# X5 s; ~  B: Y, Wstare
to stay, to be

3 v" L* I* V. i6 f9 j: ~" Ruscire
to go out
2 R- d1 u. ^8 l6 T6 e
venire
5 C5 X) y8 h- nto come