意大利语语法指导-副词（1）

会计考友

　　An adverb (avverbio) is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. In English, adverbs are often formed by adding the suffix -ly to adjectives: slowly, softly, surely. Adverbs often answer the question come? (how?), quando? (when?), or dove? (where?):
! ]" t  T+ P# ^　　Luciano agisce lentamente. (Luciano acts slowly.)
　　Leonardo viene tardi. (Leonardo comes late.)
　　Usciamo adesso. (We're leaving now.)
- m7 V% z: R. E/ s# N4 w% m1 H9 K　　Ci andiamo a giugno. (We are going there in June.)
  I+ V4 f) t" B　　In Italian, many adverbs are formed by adding the ending -mente to the singular feminine form of the adjective.
　　FORMING ADVERBS IN ITALIAN
/ `2 c( l6 ^  X　　ADJECTIVE (GENERAL OR MASCULINE)
$ d* l8 k7 a0 c; d5 B, L/ f8 M　　ADJECTIVE (FEMININE SINGULAR)
　　ADVERB
7 W- m% C, \3 K& M$ ~  B. D* @2 M　　felice
9 |0 I! y4 ~5 a2 y, d　　felice
　　felicemente (happily)
　　lento
0 s1 }( [& f# h! z1 k! r- H7 _; v: Q　　lenta
2 s! E! |$ U+ ]# ]; B. x　　lentamente (slowly)
/ `$ F: p8 H7 K8 U) t　　stanco
　　stanca
　　stancamente (tiredly)
4 n. L- O8 `: g/ @& r( D: v4 O" t& ~) W　　If an adjective ends in -ale, -ile, or -are, the adverb is formed with the root of the adjective plus the ending -mente.
　　FORMING ADVERBS FROM ADJECTIVES THAT END IN -ALE, -ILE, OR -ARE
1 B4 t- c$ Y; W9 Z　　ADJECTIVE (GENERAL OR MASCULINE)
/ {2 p: c. \. M8 W　　ADJECTIVAL ROOT
　　ADVERB
　　esemplare
3 r! n2 ]& U  M* o. R% b　　esemplari-
! h4 i  G6 f5 R( j7 _4 x( G+ e" O　　esemplarmente
: k# F. I" d; }+ c　　gentile
0 H6 b" b! _  k& V; Q　　gentil-
　　gentilmente
& ]: o$ F( u/ R8 d7 X" ^3 D　　speciale
! \& e5 ?  S% z4 j" U9 t) b3 t　　special-
7 S. V- u! g5 c4 f* n; e　　specialmente
- S" X. p3 `" o/ [" Z　　Not all adjectives can be formed into adverbs; for example, the words postalmente and malatamente do not exist. On the other hand, not all Italian adverbs are formed from adjectives. When in doubt, check the dictionary.
　　ADVERBS THAT DON'T DERIVE FROM ADJECTIVES
　　ancora
　　still
　　attorno
　　around, about
　　bene
　　well
　　contro
　　against
3 ?4 w1 b: M/ l9 n　　dentro
# s" |: I# S( i　　in, inside
　　dietro
　　behind, at the back of
) [$ g! w0 P  j4 Y　　dopo
　　then, afterwards
3 G+ N% N' k$ R- M1 ~　　fuori
　　outside
　　già
+ f' a# U4 |% k  g& i1 v1 G2 f　　already
# R- |% s1 c4 s! @6 U$ i　　inoltre
　　moreover
7 U/ _' x( |0 S　　insieme
　　together
　　male
　　badly
. e8 I, [! ^/ j$ h2 o4 x( y　　(non)...mai
, l4 S/ f7 F0 D  W8 p3 s/ S( x　　never
　　(non)...più
1 A0 P8 I+ ]' S: j8 W3 H6 J　　no longer, not anymore
　　oltre
　　beyond
　　presto
　　soon, before long
　　sempre
- [# j3 {5 S4 @　　always
$ e& b/ V6 c; g% ]) h8 }　　sopra
　　above, on top
　　sotto
$ N; [# w6 Q" h( y* i$ r9 v　　underneath, below
0 _9 x" Y2 T. e3 t- C. W　　vicino
　　nearby, close by
2 Z9 l; k" q( ?! C+ j　　Adverbs always precede the adjective or adverb that they modify, and they generally follow a simple verb form. For example: Beve sempre la birra. (He always drinks beer.) In sentences with compound tenses, most adverbs are placed after the past participle. For example: Sono arrivato tardi al museo. (I arrived late at the museum.) However, certain common adverbs such as già, ancora, sempre, (non)...mai, and (non)...più are inserted between the auxiliary verb and the past participle of the compound form:
1 \* n1 t! E, K8 E, c' E　　Non ci sei più andata. (You don't go there anymore.)
7 D" e% G+ z. p　　Enzo è sempre venuto in orario. (Enzo always came on time.)
　　Non ho ancora finito i miei compiti. (I still hadn't finished my homework.)