现在完成时
# {+ Y6 ~9 y3 r' U& j7 O 11.10 比较过去时与现在完成时
. J" E0 `% m; y' J* k 1)过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。
2 l0 g9 J7 w5 \5 f- N* d' V 2)过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。
, O' O) o: O! ?5 F t- ^/ u 一般过去时的时间状语:
$ t; D6 x$ K# ?" i. E0 k: {* Z+ `2 L yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语" b% N& `( t9 B/ q( w: ]$ {; r& ^
共同的时间状语:( x" n, e+ b) E' f, k5 z: e+ q
this morning, tonight,this April, now, once,before, already, recently,lately
3 C% ]; q! w! D! u [5 k 现在完成时的时间状语
5 G$ d6 v2 @. J2 D% u for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet,till / until, up to now, in past years, always, L+ R) m, z0 s8 b) H
不确定的时间状语" H8 s% |4 s: f8 q1 A; j i
3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.
( [0 m% W- _. G, a6 f; G( @ t 过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。
& S1 E; _+ w8 S! ~ 举例:& ]* M6 G$ f# ^$ s4 u, t
I saw this film yesterday.
8 Q" B* H) R- L C) E (强调看的动作发生过了。)0 O1 @* e$ E' s i q) ?$ ~
I have seen this film.
9 d+ a* E3 Q5 }5 I. I) y (强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了。)! K8 {& Q( i9 L& x7 ?4 w. F
Why did you get up so early?
8 P! P2 q! f4 H' B (强调起床的动作已发生过了。), \' Q, G( C! {' q9 x, @
Who hasn’t handed in his paper?1 B" H+ t1 H& `& ~( i' k0 _1 T
(强调有卷子,可能为不公平竞争。)
' S v( n E$ S She has returned from Paris.
. p- j2 c/ r! |4 G+ G8 q; L 她已从巴黎回来了。
+ R: u' h6 d& q3 x' }& F9 Q She returned yesterday.( h) ]* \+ y+ e
她是昨天回来了。4 `! a& w* L/ A
He has been in the League for three years.7 C+ P; @6 R, n! w% I1 `
(在团内的状态可延续)3 @$ }8 H. M9 [8 |! z
He has been a League member for three years.
% h: q) K7 q7 Z, y (是团员的状态可持续)* Z+ J ` E M& y' d3 c' i9 C
He joined the League three years ago.
# d+ a+ E, G: y( R! @0 D% V ( 三年前入团,joined为短暂行为。). x9 e7 o7 ?2 C0 T
I have finished my homework now.
* K* X% S; N" q5 R. \ ---Will somebody go and get Dr. White?
" f1 y. W5 y, S4 |* F ---He’s already been sent for.
, a& Z4 c, S, f1 C7 j$ p7 C 句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。
2 ~1 r& K1 o. |3 z( ~$ A( o7 Q/ i (错)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
* p8 `. l: h9 ] `( W6 w4 I% W (对)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. |