现在完成时$ Z8 I- f9 _ U/ r7 m, u( R
11.10 比较过去时与现在完成时9 x4 L) O2 w! E% p
1)过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。+ {( H/ [8 m' I8 j
2)过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。8 Y1 w( S9 N. n" n" J1 C& G+ H x: Z
一般过去时的时间状语:% I6 I, A7 g1 O: O* h: B
yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语
2 J& k# c. G }4 }1 ? 共同的时间状语:2 [3 c' \, r( l2 o6 w U: q& J
this morning, tonight,this April, now, once,before, already, recently,lately
" t, a( p% D! X( D3 J, \( F& U; K 现在完成时的时间状语4 T v- r3 r) c0 E- X: O
for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet,till / until, up to now, in past years, always,8 o1 p, S# i7 f- o( k p
不确定的时间状语
( H. g8 u/ h+ o3 o- G 3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.* i7 W3 h( g& i: L1 `1 |
过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。
! W, M8 h- C F' V/ _ 举例:1 P2 E9 H' ]1 a9 }6 c" q5 S
I saw this film yesterday.% W! f- ?* g5 J' x
(强调看的动作发生过了。)
: ~% {- ~- l- ~3 ^! _+ s; S: p8 ` I have seen this film.
7 ]4 ^3 p$ ~2 r+ k& x* w (强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了。)) @. \3 h7 S+ C$ U6 v" }
Why did you get up so early?
. O3 Y7 m3 v1 i9 m1 x$ O g* K (强调起床的动作已发生过了。)2 a, l( h0 N }( ^* U- R
Who hasn’t handed in his paper?
4 ]: r' D3 ?- Z5 F8 D (强调有卷子,可能为不公平竞争。)2 ~8 ?/ p& J, ~* e0 B
She has returned from Paris.
$ E7 [ i. x% w: c 她已从巴黎回来了。- `, o, s3 b( | ?% I
She returned yesterday.
6 v6 C: h" w2 ~! [# t" p7 e 她是昨天回来了。
! |- _ B( s" g3 d/ e4 f He has been in the League for three years.
2 t- \1 g1 x' L) ~' j1 `) \ (在团内的状态可延续)" N" n( \0 [, |, A
He has been a League member for three years.
( q$ y4 U# H* h5 f5 A0 z (是团员的状态可持续)
6 S& g' g$ y9 [# |8 O He joined the League three years ago.
- ?; Z0 d! o2 s ( 三年前入团,joined为短暂行为。)
) \, Q; h5 H2 o8 e: Z0 u I have finished my homework now./ }+ b' l ]/ u( l6 R: _& v& k1 l
---Will somebody go and get Dr. White?
" K5 r1 f* H S ---He’s already been sent for.
; ]6 I" |7 R- w# A2 Y 句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。
9 I* H8 K* ]- p (错)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.% [' |9 m7 X- X8 |
(对)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. |