大学英语四级考试：语法笔记讲义10

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　　2)过去完成时动词可以表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或呈现的状态，这一动作一直持续到过去这一时刻或将继续下去。例如：
　　By the middle of last month, I had lived in Beijing for five years. 到上月中旬，我已在北京住了五年了。
5 P' W  M' K$ {( x5 o+ C/ y& ^　　By six o’clock they had worked for eight hours. 到六点为止，他们已工作八小时了。
$ k: g7 C: a8 V' h　　When I came to Shanghai, he had been there for a long time. 我到上海时，他在那里很长时间了。
3 a' e3 A7 m% t, r　　3)过去完成时动词常用于间接引语和虚拟语气，我们以后会详细讲述。
0 l4 ]1 H7 |/ H　　4)此外，过去完成时常用于 no sooner…than… 和 hardly(scarcely) …when… 这两个句型，前面部分用过去完成时，后面部分用一般过去时。例如：
　　No sooner had he stolen the purse than he was caught red-handed. = He had no sooner stolen the purse than he was caught red-handed. 他刚偷到钱包就被当场抓获。
# ^. c* A0 {, v, Y$ p　　Saddam had hardly realized what was happening when he was captured. = Hardly had Saddam realized what was happening when he was captured. 萨达姆还没有意识到在发生什么事情就被抓获了。
　　翻译练习：
　　1)很幸运，下雨前我们已经到家了。
; H$ M9 W0 B3 X' F$ F4 ~　　Luckily, we had got home before it began to rain.
& @2 N- v& c4 j: V　　2)张华说他的笔记本丢了。
　　Zhang Hua said he had lost his notebook.
　　3)他曾告诉过我，会议两点钟开。可是当我到了以后，我还得等到两点半。
　　He had told me that the meeting was at 2, but when I arrived I had to wait till 2:30.
　　4)他在这里住了两三天，才觉得没有什么拘束(feel at home)。
　　When he had stayed here for two or three days, he began to feel at home.
2 I* `. Q) k4 ?4 L/ T　　8、过去完成进行时
　　(1)形式：had been + 动词的现在分词。
　　(2)用法：表示一直持续到过去某个时间的行为动作，此行为动作或刚结束、或还没结束(可以从上下文看出)。这一时态经常与一般过去时一起使用。例如：
　　When he came in, I had been trying to repair the TV for a couple of hours. 他进来的时候，我一直在努力修理电视机好几个小时了
; l" I' ~  m) X5 k　　The roads were dangerous. It had been raining for two whole days. 道路很危险。雨一直下了两整天。
　　They were tired because they had been digging since dawn. 他们累了，因为从天亮开始他们就一直在挖。
' M/ |0 x5 {) R3 L+ q　　The boy was delighted with the new mountain bike. He had been hoping for one for a long time. 那男孩得到一辆新山地自行车很高兴。很长时间来他一直希望有一辆。
! S+ P' r( t" g9 d: k( @& }( R　　9、一般将来时
6 K" i1 M4 R8 `1 ~# w7 k1 b  V　　一般将来时动词表示将来发生的动作或情况。主要有以下几种表现形式：
5 k' z' r- L; n$ j2 }: e9 g+ J　　(1)shall/will + 动词原形
$ u2 L( w# k/ n5 l　　表示单纯的将来，不涉及主语的主观意愿。第一人称I, we用shall 或will，其余用will. 其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下：

8 A" O2 {1 z) m: J* a7 c5 t& o1 p+ m否定式
疑问式
/ R' R4 x- }6 K& o% sI shall/will not study….
Shall I study…?
/ S* @" b, ^0 l7 ^; i- l5 |$ b4 Z" x  ZYou will not study….
' b8 |# t* M  P; y. `- y$ `Will you study…?
He will not study….
0 ?0 k! o* `+ C' `Will he study…?
+ ?+ [( ^& F" x+ H. ?

9 a7 {8 m: b- I

否定疑问式
' [' K3 ^& h0 m! K简单回答（肯定/否定）
3 H, u5 v7 Z& ~( x4 h! |* DShall I not (shan’t i) study…?
Yes, you will. No, you won’t.
Will you not (Won’t you) study…?
Yes, I shall/will. No, I shan’t/won’t.
7 `% v% t5 j  S: O$ D8 TWill he not (Won’t he) study….?
9 X6 M# k2 I. C" u' U" y+ GYes, he will. No, he won’t.