大学英语四级考试：语法笔记讲义60

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　　2、作状语。分词和分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、行为方式等意义。表示时间和原因的分词短语相当于对应的状语从句。
0 l3 F4 ^  ?/ ~9 d8 ]+ d5 ]- C　　例如：
　　Seeing the teacher entering the room，the students stood up。(=When the students saw the teacher entering the room，They stood up。)学生们看见老师走进房间，都站了起来。 (时间)
9 ?8 ]2 v$ c- L$ m3 s" \8 i+ j7 g　　Heated，the Metal expands。 (=The metal expands if /when it is heated。)金属受热而膨胀。(条件、时间)
/ m% c( W; I5 @0 G" `$ |0 O　　Being excited，I couldn’t go to sleep。(=As I was excited ，I couldn’t go to sleep。)我兴奋得睡不着觉。(原因)
/ ]  Y* |' u$ A* s　　Being a student，he was interested in sports。(=As he was a student，he was interested in sports。)
　　他是个学生，所以对体育运动感兴趣。(原因)
　　Inspired by Dr.Yang’s speech，Li Hua and his classmates decided to study physics harder。(=As they were inspired by Dr.Yang’s speech，Li Hua and his classmates decided to study physics harder。)李华和他的同学们受到杨博士讲话的鼓舞，决定更加努力学习物理。 (原因)
　　The children went away laughing。=The children went away。They laughed as they went。孩子们笑着走开了。(行为方式)
　　The professor stood there，surrounded by many students。(=The professor stood there。He was surrounded by many students。)教授站在那里，许多学生围着他。(行为方式)
　　While reading the newspaper，father nodded from time to time。(=While he was reading the newspaper，father nodded from time to time。)看报时，父亲不时地点头。(时间)(分词前，可加表示时间的连词while或when。)
　　3、作宾语补足语。
4 ~) O/ y: u% F4 N  E　　例如：
　　Can you get the machine going again?你能使机器再动起来吗?
　　You should have your hair cut。你该理发了。
+ N, a( g/ V9 k9 o5 K, I6 S　　I saw him coming last night。我昨天晚上看见他来了。
　　4、作表语。
　　例如：
　　The film is very moving。这部影片很感人。
/ m- a+ @4 j, w% K" X3 o, O& Q　　Your homework is well done。你的作业做得好。
( G7 [" O) Y$ B5 s* R. q9 @　　The visitors looked surprised.参观者看上去很惊讶。
( j5 F; k& _$ R8 \　　The boys were seen walking on the grass。有人看见孩子们在草地上散步。
. F! B; ~. M3 b　　5、作句子独立成分(分词有自己的逻辑主语时，称为独立主格结构。)
: z$ j# w2 {0 D' ?　　例如：
' r+ k8 l, U7 K8 g) r7 R+ ^　　Flags flying，the army men marched in the streets。旗帜飘扬，军队在街上行进。
* a& Q, |' M0 f　　All his ribs broken，he lay half dead。他的肋骨全部折断，半死不活地躺着。
4 B3 n; v. s9 |; Q) S9 U　　分词(短语)作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。如果不一致，必须用独立主格结构来表示，也就是在分词前面加上它的逻辑主语。
　　My wife had a long talk with Sally, explaining why she didn’t want the children to play together我妻子与莎莉谈了很长时间，解释她为什么不想让孩子们在一起玩。(现在分词explaining是句子主语my wife做的动作，它们之间是主动关系)
5 O" k- h$ C- M: g6 h8 v　　Given more attention，the trees could have grown better。如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。(过去分词given表示的动作是句子主语the trees承受的动作，它们之间是被动关系)
% y, b) [* h2 C4 s　　We explored the caves，Peter acting as guide。我们到那山洞探险，彼得做向导。 (独立主格)
　　The train having gone，we had to wait another day。分词短语做状语时，前面可以加上连词或介词，但是分词短语和句子之间不能用并列连词(如but，and)，因为并列连词接的是两个并列成分，而分词短语只是全句的一个状语部分。分词和主句之间可用逗号。