大学英语四级考试：语法笔记讲义61

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　　2、作状语。分词和分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、行为方式等意义。表示时间和原因的分词短语相当于对应的状语从句。
　　例如：
　　Seeing the teacher entering the room，the students stood up。(=When the students saw the teacher entering the room，They stood up。)学生们看见老师走进房间，都站了起来。 (时间)
4 E! i4 t1 w, U7 ?1 V　　Heated，the Metal expands。 (=The metal expands if /when it is heated。)金属受热而膨胀。(条件、时间)
( j6 i0 A  ?0 r/ S　　Being excited，I couldn’t go to sleep。(=As I was excited ，I couldn’t go to sleep。)我兴奋得睡不着觉。(原因)
) ^  Q7 T& c: \+ X　　Being a student，he was interested in sports。(=As he was a student，he was interested in sports。)
　　他是个学生，所以对体育运动感兴趣。(原因)
　　Inspired by Dr.Yang’s speech，Li Hua and his classmates decided to study physics harder。(=As they were inspired by Dr.Yang’s speech，Li Hua and his classmates decided to study physics harder。)李华和他的同学们受到杨博士讲话的鼓舞，决定更加努力学习物理。 (原因)
# X  O- y& W8 C& e+ _0 i　　The children went away laughing。=The children went away。They laughed as they went。孩子们笑着走开了。(行为方式)
　　The professor stood there，surrounded by many students。(=The professor stood there。He was surrounded by many students。)教授站在那里，许多学生围着他。(行为方式)
　　While reading the newspaper，father nodded from time to time。(=While he was reading the newspaper，father nodded from time to time。)看报时，父亲不时地点头。(时间)(分词前，可加表示时间的连词while或when。)
* x4 L5 @. v: n  F7 c* e2 ?　　3、作宾语补足语。
" o3 r; v) A9 ?$ `- ^　　例如：
' c+ b/ J6 g. N" P! p8 Z2 m3 L; \% \　　Can you get the machine going again?你能使机器再动起来吗?
　　You should have your hair cut。你该理发了。
' g- N9 [( a& N5 i/ q% Y% p　　I saw him coming last night。我昨天晚上看见他来了。
　　4、作表语。
- |1 F7 J- \; F2 a: l% c# N　　例如：
　　The film is very moving。这部影片很感人。
　　Your homework is well done。你的作业做得好。
　　The visitors looked surprised.参观者看上去很惊讶。
7 j9 _0 H% L4 {2 ?　　The boys were seen walking on the grass。有人看见孩子们在草地上散步。
# v# H# }% @! u# E: ~! q　　5、作句子独立成分(分词有自己的逻辑主语时，称为独立主格结构。)
0 b/ S5 q4 k" t　　例如：
　　Flags flying，the army men marched in the streets。旗帜飘扬，军队在街上行进。
　　All his ribs broken，he lay half dead。他的肋骨全部折断，半死不活地躺着。
　　分词(短语)作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。如果不一致，必须用独立主格结构来表示，也就是在分词前面加上它的逻辑主语。
　　My wife had a long talk with Sally, explaining why she didn’t want the children to play together我妻子与莎莉谈了很长时间，解释她为什么不想让孩子们在一起玩。(现在分词explaining是句子主语my wife做的动作，它们之间是主动关系)
　　Given more attention，the trees could have grown better。如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。(过去分词given表示的动作是句子主语the trees承受的动作，它们之间是被动关系)
6 G( A- n2 D- N" z2 I4 L2 Z　　We explored the caves，Peter acting as guide。我们到那山洞探险，彼得做向导。 (独立主格)
( U# `( R7 B3 D- l7 t　　The train having gone，we had to wait another day。分词短语做状语时，前面可以加上连词或介词，但是分词短语和句子之间不能用并列连词(如but，and)，因为并列连词接的是两个并列成分，而分词短语只是全句的一个状语部分。分词和主句之间可用逗号。