我去过伦敦,那是个美丽的城市。# ^7 u& e6 B3 C" [9 B2 a9 J
Your father, whom I respect very much, is a kind old man.
) R6 @" }4 ~7 e7 c0 c4 m5 _' B 你父亲是个很和善的老头,我很尊重他。; _" r4 @- w f; ?4 n# A
Nanjing, where I lived for five years, is very hot in summer.
* E+ g* F8 n3 f c$ l. _ 南京夏天非常热,我在那里生活过五年。' H4 |$ v: ?; a3 m) b
在以上三例当中,定语从句不就能是限定性的。若变成限定性定语从句,其意就成了“我去过那个是座美丽的城市的伦敦。你那个我很尊重的父亲是个很和善的老头。我在那里生活过五年的南京夏天非常热。”言外之意是还有别的伦敦、父亲和南京。# m& {3 D6 } O
通过这几个例子我们可以看出,专用名词以及世界上独一无二的东西都不能有限定性定语从句。因为它们的意义本身已经非常清楚,不需要对其进行限定。另外,非限定性定语从句的先行词还可以是整个主句所表达的意义。
; t0 \; }1 H) G: ^0 `$ I' C 如:He did well in the physics exam, which surprised me.( X1 u n0 G$ A% B I( p' } X
他物理考得很好,这使我很吃惊。- ~9 i! B( C% o" N7 D( A* a
(学地道的英语有两个重要的练习方法:parallel writing, and reverse translation,即平行写作和逆翻译。所谓平行写作,就是模仿英语的句子写类似的句子。而逆翻译就是先把英语译成汉语,或根据汉语的译文,再把汉语翻译成英语,再把英语译文同原文比较,分析差异。这两种方法能避免汉语式英语。)
; ^; _; |/ g& M4 @ He did well in the physics exam, which surprised me.
* Q1 b: U! t% R1 O/ v9 L2 k' L 他物理考得很好,这使我很吃惊。
' s2 M- D) A9 W _+ Y4 w 请把这句话逆翻译。有的同学会翻译为:He did well in the physics exam, this surprised me. 这句话错在什么地方呢?错在句法。这句话有两个主谓结构,是两个并列的分句,但没有连词(this 是代词),这就成了串句。) L1 ~$ [7 }* h9 j( E
再如:He’s very particular about wording, which I am not.% m8 ?; [% E6 S: g
他很咬文嚼字,而我不。: ?& {" ]: V. p# X
I said nothing, which made her angry.
|+ L( x: `( k. B( z/ s; l 我什么也没说,这使她很生气。% c+ y' C3 {# ?& e, s
Tom didn’t go to the show, which was a pity.) _/ A+ H: t/ d* x, T; p
没去看演出,这很遗憾。
/ g0 u) ]5 ^# Y$ w( u( |* D. d% ] 下面看看各个关系词的用法:
* Z) L; [4 l' b' ?- X2 U 1.指人的关系代词:who, whom, whose, that 的用法:" N' i) t3 @/ [6 T, Z6 ?* ?
(1)作主语(who, that )
$ u' y) n) `; W5 E9 d/ x$ ^ Those who are going to play in the match are to meet at the gate at 1:30 after lunch.8 M, T2 J" X" G
那些参加比赛的人午饭后1:30在大门口集合。
: q- @! B( h' E9 l( J D0 X 在本句中,先行词是those;关系代词who引导定语从句,同时代替先行词在从句中担任动词are going to play 的主语。
0 d& @2 L- [& W3 S$ C The man who/that is talking with Mr. Wang is a famous doctor.& q( L7 K3 ` j* I& s, p
正在和王先生说话的那个人是一个有名的医生。% A% r: `* D% S. d
在本句中,先行词是the man;关系代词who/that引导定语从句,同时代替先行词在从句中担任动词is talking的主语。 y4 V$ p' Z/ c5 P' {: }5 ]) Z! }" e
这个复合句可以还原成两个句子:
; T1 D, u0 s3 C6 C7 x The man is a famous doctor. He is talking with Mr. Wang.
; F) q+ L3 f8 G# g! M (2)作宾语包括作介词宾语(whom, that )。此种情况下的关系代词可以省略;
* Y+ K, G: j) X8 E/ M This is just the man(whom/that) I want for the job.这正是我要的做这份工作的人。
* I/ S" n( v, T: ?: M2 D; m 在本句中,先行词是the man;关系代词whom/that 引导定语从句,同时代替先行词在从句中担任动词want 的宾语。1 r+ M( E1 q- N: {& q
Is he the manager (whom/that) you are looking for?3 p* p5 H8 ~. c# J3 X- x
他是你在找的那位经理吗?3 L8 n4 W2 h @' I3 G9 z, z
(3)当关系代词紧跟介词作介词宾语时,不能用that,也不能省略,
; G$ \0 A$ n J$ B, c m, [/ K' x 如:The book from which I got a lot of useful information was written by a famous scientist.4 `6 Y6 Z( s9 c1 e( P
我从中得到许多有用信息的那本书是一位著名科学家写的。
, {# p) h5 }1 _4 d% G4 D; z8 g Who is the boy with whom you were talking a moment ago.
8 P1 \) X' R0 b) D/ e; G 你刚才和他说话的那个男孩是谁?0 p* L, x6 [9 i$ w" q4 [9 d. G
I know the young couple from whose house the music is coming.
' \9 \# N4 ]: U* v, i 但是当介词放在从句末尾时,作为介词宾语的关系代词可以用that 并且可以省略。
9 C6 T1 a- x% F; F' j 如上头两句可改为:
$ T/ S d! |! T1 G0 ` The book (that /which) I got a lot of information from was written by a famous scientist.
+ y2 p$ L' s: H9 ?& _" b Who is the boy (that/whom) you were talking with a moment ago? |