英语句子千变万化,但都有一定的句法。有些句子,外表相似,但含义不同。有时两个句子中,只有一个字不同,甚至只有一个标点不同,句子的意思也跟着不同。有趣的是,句子越浅白,问题可能越多。
" z+ h3 ?& s1 i7 v: V 现在看看这两个句子:
: M9 L! e* m, H3 V; }* q& U (1) Ken said he had been fairly well treated.
5 b2 I( {# y9 m6 x* K2 v (2) Ken said he had been fairly treated.: J1 L( @. a; }+ f* D
这两个句子都有副词“fairly”,但是在(1)里,它是个程度副词(adverb of degree),意思是“相当地”。在(2)里,它是个状态副词(adverb of manner),意思是“公平地”。第一个“fairly”修饰另一个副词“well”;第二个“fairly”修饰动词“treated”。
4 z" \! R/ [4 Z6 ?3 [ 再看看这两个句子:5 J0 ?( D1 h& U" G9 \/ j
(3) Jimmy didn't buy the coat because it did not fit him.
! z4 q/ W3 J1 X' l2 W (4) Jimmy didn't buy the coat because it did not suit him.
; @% k X$ g K& U (3)和(4)的唯一差别是在动词“fit”和“suit”。前者指“尺寸”;后者指“款式”。区区一字之别,意思大不相同。( Y9 S( q& w4 x3 f3 L3 A
最后,比较下面四组句子,看看它们又如何“形似义异”:) [8 D# n& I. f: ^
(5) Samuel, the manager, told me that he was leaving the job.
) u3 j( G C) Y& F# l. N (6) Samuel, the manager, told me to leave the job.
! m6 b( H2 u8 ]* i3 ^; v 这两句主要的不同根源在“told”这动词的内涵。(5)里的间接引语(indirect speech)是个陈述句(declarative sentence)。(6)里的间接引语是个祈使句(imperative sentence)。这两句的直接引语(direct speech)如下:, q& D: Y6 d1 M7 x' ?
- “I am leaving the job,” said Samuel, the manager.
: g8 G ?0 \1 x$ V3 J( z$ \ - “Leave the job !” said Samuel, the manager.3 I% p& e) L, U3 `, ~0 j
(7) The tourist spent two days in Singapore.
, [) I( |7 w# o I! o+ U; ^# K (8) The tourist spent two days on Singapore.* N% Z* _2 T0 _4 i, o
这两句的差别仅在介词“in”和“on”。" A/ n2 g/ D1 p9 ^" a0 f
(7)里的意思就是“旅客在新加坡观光两天”。(8)里的目的不是“观光”,而是“研究”。(7)里指的是“spending time sightseeing Singapore”。 (8)里指的是“spending time studying about Singapore”.3 ~, d! C0 K% c. w, N
(9) I had a view of the London Bridge.; {. q8 q# a; ?! t$ p( v
(10) I had a view from the London Bridge., H& d, j% K" A/ E* e+ ~' A2 d; e
这两句的差别也在两个不同的介词:“of” 和“from”。
: M G* }' Y, I2 _0 V 在(9)里,伦敦大桥是说话人“观看的目标”。在(10)里,伦敦大桥是说话人的“立足点”,去看别的东西。
; T8 W+ s5 n% W K% | (11) John helped her do the office work.' z$ u1 h, h6 z& g# x$ O
(12) John helped her to do the office work.+ _; K& Y* X. K) ~+ h
(11)表示“约翰直接和全面的帮助她,从而减轻她的负担”。(12)并不指直接投入有关的工作,而是以其他方式协助她,让她完成自己的任务。 |