2011英语四级考试语法讲义：词语的搭配

会计考友

　　不管是从句法或修辞角度看，词语的搭配，都占据重要的位置，不可不察。
　　一般上说，下列这些场合中的词语要配合好，句子的结构才会和谐，词语才会相称：
* A/ Z: C( ?5 X% x1 }7 J3 Z% I) I4 R　　① 主语—动词
　　② 动词—宾语
　　③ 修饰语—词类
4 x1 L( H( S/ ~　　④ 形容词—名词
　　⑤ 副词—动词
- ^4 d. H) q: ?, t7 p. t; d/ e　　⑥ 形容词分句—先行词
) I) E: U: }4 L* |; x5 ?- t6 Y　　词语的搭配，对学习中英文的人来说尤其重要，因为中英文在词语的搭配上有同有异。例如英语同一个动词“wear”，可以和不同的名词宾语搭配，如：WEAR+shoes/ clothes/ spectacles等。中文就不行；中文的“穿”只能和“衣鞋”连用，“眼镜”就要改为“戴”了。
　　再举“cut”为例。英语里可以说“CUT+ grass/ finger-nails/ a tooth/ prices/ a stone figure/ a record”。在中文里“cut”（割）只能和“草”连用；其他的名词宾语，就需要别的动词，如：剪指甲、出牙齿、减价、雕刻石像、灌录唱片。
' q( ?6 z# X* s; N% ?2 M　　同样道理，中文里同一个动词，英语里却需要不同动词，如：
　　“风萧萧、雨萧萧、马萧萧、树萧萧”——the wind whistled, the rain pattered, the horse neighed, the tree murmured.
　　在英语的错误中，词语的搭配不是严重的一类，但也时有出现。例如①a里的动词“harmed”和主语“houses”不合；②里的宾语“knowledge”及“experience”和动词“exercise”格格不入；③a里的修饰语“upset”和被修饰的名词“eyes”很不相称。把它们改为①b、②b和③b之后，词语间的搭配就很舒畅了：
% @" f* M: [: Q" C, e　　①a. Many houses in the low-lying area were harmed by the floods.
　　b. Many houses in the low-lying area were damaged by the floods.
$ K7 E) X" K/ d2 w8 F* k9 y　　②a. This will give you an opportunity to exercise your knowledge and experience.
　　b. This will give you an opportunity to use/ make use of your knowledge and experience.
( b) }0 Q: o2 M8 k6 @8 y　　③a. Upset by the thick smoke, Susan's eyes were filled with tears.
5 T" ~1 Y( ?9 ~) U　　b. Irritated by the thick smoke, Susan's eyes were filled with tears.
　　现在请看看下列各句中都有个不相称的词语，改正后，才顺口：
, e, W/ v1 W- G+ i5 [8 d- D2 y7 W$ T　　④ The authorities preferred to educate dog owners rather than jeopardise them for every little transgression. （penalise/punish）
　　⑤ Anyone charged with skyrocketing a political regime will be severely dealt with. （dismantling/disintegrating）
- [1 Y1 Q) t# b* l. j2 M" m3 l　　⑥ Weapons easily become slipshod and the need to acquire new arms can be very ruinous to national coffers. （obsolete/outmoded）
　　⑦ Good health is especically vital to old people who are prone to anticipatory diseases. （degenerative）
　　⑧ Some people are sanguine about the situation and think that the scandal would soon blow over without severe misery of the present political system. （dislocation/dysfunction）