2012大学英语四级语法：时态（一）

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现在完成时、过去完成时以及将来完成时之间的区别  
　　1) 现在完成时：
' f2 G0 D: P1 Y* ]* `  J　　① 构成：have / has +过去分词
/ U; _* p8 |0 ^) c* h$ P+ U　　② 语法意义及要点：
　　A. 现在完成时表示一个过去开始的状态或动作持续到现在并可能继续持续下去，常同表示一段时间的状语连用。如so far, up to now, since, for a long time等。
; k, h/ ^/ x1 o　　--He has worked as a teacher for many years. 中 华 考 试 网
　　--Up till now, nothing has gone wrong.
　　B. 现在完成时表示一个过去发生的对现在仍有影响的动作或事件。常与不确定的过去时间状语连用，如yet, just, before, recently等;也同表示频度时间状语连用，如often, ever, never, sometimes, several times等;还可同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用，如now, today, this morning等。但不能同特定的过去时间状语连用(last year , in 1997等)。
3 V  q2 Q+ I4 |7 K$ r　　--I have never learned Japanese before.
　　--We have been quite busy lately (recently).
7 |9 G' k7 Q6 r( s# W: @　　C. 在时间或条件状语从句中，当表示将来完成时的意义时，要用现在完成时来代替将来完成时。
; Y7 ?% s, R/ }) o　　--We’ll start at 5 o’clock if it has stopped raining by then.
7 \7 c4 I& R% H　　--I shall go to see you when I have finished my homework.
( u9 y- ]% B; F+ ?5 q3 x　　Note: 行为不能持续的瞬间动词(Instantaneous Verb), 如arrive, begin, come, go, start, leave, die, join等通常不能用于这一语法意义，即该类动词在现在完成时中不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。
　　--He has joined the army for five years. (误)
' A: n8 q; V# x　　--He has been in the army for five years. (正)
) g& m4 ]- |. P4 l; P2 N　　2) 过去完成时：
　　① 构成：had +过去分词
　　② 语法意义及要点：
　　过去完成时表示某一动作或情况发生在过去某一时刻之前并持续到该时刻。
5 Q7 D, u( v3 z( @' W( N　　--David and Jenny had known each other for a long time before their marriage.
! L+ S" c! y4 @+ R( ?5 G, c: ^　　--They had got everything ready before the party began.
　　Note: 与现在完成时截然不同的是过去完成时可以与表示具体过去的时间状语连用。
0 X" o$ t7 ]6 L5 O% E9 {# O5 g　　--He said that he had seen her the day before yesterday.
+ i2 k; i: A. u8 S# a0 G0 K2 F　　3) 将来完成时： 外语学习网
　　① 构成：shall / will + have +过去分词
　　② 语法意义及要点：
　　将来完成时表示某一动作在将来某一时刻或将来某一动作之前已经完成或发生。
　　--He will have graduated from high school before his next birthday.
) w" p  w" L+ [　　--The shop will have closed already before you get there.