2011年6月英语四级考试预测试卷(1)

会计考友 · 发表于 2012-8-14 09:52:33

Part I Writing(30 minutes)
　　Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Choosing an Occupation. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese:
　　1. 选择职业是一个人要面对的众多难题之一。
　　2. 需要花时间去选择职业。
　　3. 选择职业时可以向多人寻求建议和帮助。

会计考友 · 发表于 2012-8-14 09:52:34

Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)(15 minutes)
　　Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1.For questions 1-7,choose the best answer from the four choices marked[A],[B],[C]and [D]. For questions 8-10,complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.
　　Will We Run Out of Water?
　　Picture a “ghost ship” sinking into the sand, left to rot on dry land by a receding sea. Then imagine dust storms sweeping up toxic pesticides and chemical fertilizers from the dry seabed and spewing them across towns and villages.
　　Seem like a scene from a movie about the end of the world? For people living near the Aral Sea in Central Asia, it’s all too real. Thirty years ago, government planners diverted the rivers that flow into the sea in order to irrigate (provide water for)farmland. As a result, the sea has shrunk to half its original size, stranding ships on dry land. The seawater has tripled in salt content and become polluted, killing all 24 native species of fish.
　　Similar large-scale efforts to redirect water in other parts of the world have also ended in ecological crisis, according to numerous environmental groups. But many countries continue to build massive dams and irrigation systems, even though such projects can create more problems than they fix. Why? People in many parts of the world are desperate for water, and more people will need more water in the next century.
　　“Growing populations will worsen problems with water,” says Peter H. Gleick, an environmental scientist at the Pacific Institute for studies in Development, Environment, and Security, a research organization in California. He fears that by the year 2025, as many as one-third of the world’s projected 8.3 billion people will suffer from water shortages.
　　Where Water Goes
　　Only 2.5 percent of all water on Earth is freshwater, water suitable for drinking and growing food, says Sandra Postel, director of the Global Water Policy Project in Amherst, Mass. Twothirds of this freshwater is locked in glaciers and ice caps. In fact, only a tiny percentage of freshwater is part of the water cycle, in which water evaporates and rises into the atmosphere, then condenses and falls back to Earth as precipitation(rain or snow).
　　Some precipitation runs off land to lakes and oceans, and some becomes groundwater, water that seeps into the earth. Much of this renewable freshwater ends up in remote places like the Amazon river basin in Brazil, where few people live. In fact, the world’s population has access to only 12,500 cubic kilometers of freshwater—about the amount of water in Lake Superior. And people use half of this amount already. “If water demand continues to climb rapidly,” says Postel, “there will be severe shortages and damage to the aquatic environment.”
　　Close to Home
　　Water woes may seem remote to people living in rich countries like the United States. But Americans could face serious water shortages, too especially in areas that rely on groundwater. Groundwater accumulates in aquifers, layers of sand and gravel that lie between soil and bedrock. (For every liter of surface water, more than 90 liters are hidden underground.)Although the United States has large aquifers, farmers, ranchers, and cities are tapping many of them for water faster than nature can replenish it. In northwest Texas, for example, over pumping has shrunk groundwater supplies by 25 percent, according to Postel.
　　Americans may face even more urgent problems from pollution. Drinking water in the United States is generally safe and meets high standards. Nevertheless, one in five Americans every day unknowingly drinks tap water contaminated with bacteria and chemical wastes, according to the Environmental Protection Agency. In Milwaukee, 400,000 people fell ill in 1993 after drinking tap water tainted with cryptosporidium, a microbe that causes fever, diarrhea and vomiting.
　　The Source
　　Where do contaminants come from? In developing countries, people dump raw sewage into the same streams and rivers from which they draw water for drinking and cooking; about 250 million people a year get sick from water borne diseases.
　　In developed countries, manufacturers use 100,000 chemical compounds to make a wide range of products. Toxic chemicals pollute water when released untreated into rivers and lakes. (Certain compounds, such as polychlorinated biphenyls, or PCBs, have been banned in the United States.)
　　But almost everyone contributes to water pollution. People often pour household cleaners, car antifreeze, and paint thinners down the drain; all of these contain hazardous chemicals. Scientists studying water in the San Francisco Bay reported in 1996 that 70 percent of the pollutants could be traced to household waste.
　　Farmers have been criticized for overusing herbicides and pesticides, chemicals that kill weeds and insects but that pollute water as well. Farmers also use nitrates, nitrogenrich fertilizer that help plants grow but that can wreak havoc on the environment. Nitrates are swept away by surface runoff to lakes and seas. Too many nitrates “over enrich” these bodies of water, encouraging the buildup of algae, or microscopic plants that live on the surface of the water. Algae deprive the water of oxygen that fish need to survive, at times choking off life in an entire body of water.
　　What’s the Solution?
　　Water expert Gleick advocates conservation and local solutions to water-related problems; governments, for instance, would be better off building small-scale dams rather than huge and disruptive projects like the one that ruined the Aral Sea.
　　“More than 1 billion people worldwide don’t have access to basic clean drinking water,” says Gleick. “There has to be a strong push on the part of everyone—governments and ordinary people—to make sure we have a resource so fundamental to life.”
　　1.What caused the Aral Sea to shrink?
　　[A]The rivers flowing into it have been diverted.
　　[B]Farmers used its water to irrigate their farmland.
　　[C]Government planners overpumped its water.
　　[D]High temperature made its water badly evaporate.
　　2.The construction of massive dams and irrigation projects .
　　[A]does more good than harm
　　[B]solves more problems than what they created
　　[C]does more harm than good
　　[D]brings more water to people than expected
　　3.The chief causes of water shortage include .
　　[A]population growth and water waste
　　[B]water pollution and dry weather
　　[C]water waste and pollution
　　[D]population growth and water pollution
　　4.Americans could suffer from greatly serious water shortages?
　　[A]living in rich areas
　　[B]living in big cities but poor condition
　　[C]depending on groundwater
　　[D]bearing high standards of safe drinking water in mind
　　5.What is the main pollutant in developed countries?
　　[A]Untreated toxic chemicals from manufacturers.
　　[B]Raw sewage into rivers and streams.
　　[C]Herbicides and pesticides used by farmers.
　　[D]Household cleaners poured down the drain.
　　6.How does algae make threats to life of a body of water?
　　[A]By covering the whole surface of the water.
　　[B]By competitively using oxygen life in water needs.
　　[C]By living more rapidly than other life in water .
　　[D]By releasing hazardous chemicals into water.
　　7.According to Gleick, who should be responsible for solving water-related problems?
　　[A]government and housewives.
　　[B]farmers and manufacturers.　　[C]ordinary people and manufacturers.
　　[D]government and every person.
　　8. According to Peter H. Gleick, by the year 2025, as many as of the world’s people will suffer from water shortages.
　　9.Two thirds of the freshwater on Earth is locked in .
　　10.In developed countries, before toxic chemicals are released into rivers and lakes, they should be treated in order to avoid .

会计考友 · 发表于 2012-8-14 09:52:35

Part Ⅳ Reading Comprehension(Reading in Depth)(25 minutes)
　　Section A
　　Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
　　Questions 47 to 56 are based on the following passage.
　　Shopping habits in the United States have changed greatly in the last quarter of the 20th century. Early in the 1900s most American towns and cities had a Main Street. Main Street was always the 47 of a town. This street was lined on the both sides with many 48 businesses. Here, shoppers walked into stores to look at all sorts of merchandise: clothing, furniture, hardware, groceries. In addition, some shops offered 49 . There shops included drugstores, restaurants, shoe repair stores, and barber or hairdressing shops. But in the 1950s, a change began to 50 place. Too many automobiles had crowded into Main Street while too few parking places were 51 to shoppers. Because the streets were crowded, merchants began to look with interest at the open spaces outside the city limits. Open space is what their car driving customers 52 . And open space is what they got when the first shopping centre was built. Shopping centers, or rather malls, 53 as a collection of small new stores away from crowded city centers. Attracted by hundreds of free parking space, customers were drawn away from 54 areas to outlying malls. And the growing 55 of shopping centers led in turn to the building of bigger and better stocked stores. By the late 1970s, many shopping malls had almost developed into small cities themselves. In addition to providing the 56 of the stop shopping, malls were transformed into landscaped parks, with benches, fountains, and outdoor entertainment.
　　[A]designed[F]convenience[K]cosmetics
　　[B]take[G]services[L]started
　　[C]heart[H]fame[M]downtown
　　[D]needed[I]various[N]available
　　[E]though[J]popularity[O]cheapness

会计考友 · 发表于 2012-8-14 09:52:36

Section B
　　Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C]and [D].You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
　　Passage One
　　Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.
　　Culture is one of the most challenging elements of the international marketplace. This system of learned behavior patterns characteristic of the members of a given society is constantly shaped by a set of dynamic variables: language, religion, values and attitudes, manners and customs, aesthetics, technology, education, and social institutions. To cope with this system, an international manager needs both factual and interpretive knowledge of culture. To some extent, the factual knowledge can be learned; its interpretation comes only through experience.
　　The most complicated problems in dealing with the cultural environment stem from the fact that one cannot learn culture—one has to live it. Two schools of thought exist in the business world on how to deal with cultural diversity. One is that business is business the world around, following the model of Pepsi and McDonald’s. In some cases, globalization is a fact of life; however, cultural differences are still far from converging.
　　The other school proposes that companies must tailor business approaches to individual cultures. Setting up policies and procedures in each country has been compared to an organ transplant; the critical question centers around acceptance or rejection. The major challenge to the international manager is to make sure that rejection is not a result of cultural myopia or even blindness.
　　Fortune examined the international performance of a dozen large companies that earn 20 percent or more of their revenue overseas. The internationally successful companies all share an important quality: patience. They have not rushed into situations but rather built their operations carefully by following the most basic business principles. These principles are to know your adversary, know your audience, and know your customer.
　　57.According to the passage, which of the following is true?
　　[A]All international managers can learn culture.
　　[B]Business diversity is not necessary.
　　[C]Views differ on how to treat culture in business world.
　　[D]Most people do not know foreign culture well.
　　58.According to the author, the model of Pepsi.
　　[A]is in line with the theories that the business is business the world around
　　[B]is different from the model of McDonald’s
　　[C]shows the reverse of globalization
　　[D]has converged cultural differences
　　59.The two schools of thought.
　　[A]both propose that companies should tailor business approaches to individual cultures
　　[B]both advocate that different policies be set up in different countries
　　[C]admit the existence of cultural diversity in business world
　　[D]both A and B
　　60.This article is supposed to be most useful for those.
　　[A]who are interested in researching the topic of cultural diversity
　　[B]who have connections to more than one type of culture
　　[C]who want to travel abroad
　　[D]who want to run business on International Scale
　　61.According to Fortune, successful international companies.
　　[A]earn 20 percent or more of their revenue overseas
　　[B]all have the quality of patience
　　[C]will follow the overseas local cultures
　　[D]adopt the policy of internationalization

会计考友 · 发表于 2012-8-14 09:52:37

Passage Two
　　Questions 62 to 66 are based on the following passage.
　　There are people in Italy who can’t stand soccer. Not all Canadians love hockey. A similar situation exists in America, where there are those individuals you may be one of them who yawn or even frown when somebody mentions baseball. Baseball to them means boring hours watching grown men in funny tight outfits standing around in a field staring away while very little of anything happens. They tell you it’s a game better suited to the 19th century, slow, quiet, and gentlemanly. These are the same people you may be one of them who love football because there’s the sport that glorifies “the hit”.
　　By contrast, baseball seems abstract, cool, silent, still.
　　On TV the game is fractured into a dozen perspectives, replays, close-ups. The geometry of the game, however, is essential to understanding it. You will contemplate the game from one point as a painter does his subject; you may, of course, project yourself into the game. It is in this projection that the game affords so much space and time for involvement. The TV won’t do it for you.
　　Take, for example, the third baseman. You sit behind the third base dugout and you watch him watching home plate. His legs are apart, knees flexed. His arms hang loose. He does a lot of this. The skeptic still cannot think of any other sports so still, so passive. But watch what happens every time the pitcher throws: the third baseman goes up on his toes, flexes his arms or brings the glove to a point in front of him, takes a step right or left, backward or forward, perhaps he glances across the field to check his first baseman’s position. Suppose the pitch is a ball. “Nothing happened,” you say. “I could have had my eyes closed.”
　　The skeptic and the innocent must play the game. And this involvement in the stands is no more intellectual than listening to music is. Watch the third baseman. Smooth the dirt in front of you with one foot; smooth the pocket in your glove; watch the eyes of the batter, the speed of the bat, the sound of horsehide on wood. If football is a symphony of movement and theatre, baseball is chamber music, a spacious interlocking of notes, chorus and responses.
　　62.The passage is mainly concerned with .
　　[A]the different tastes of people for sports
　　[B]the different characteristics of sports
　　[C]the attraction of football
　　[D]the attraction of baseball
　　63.Those who don’t like baseball may complain that .
　　[A]it is only to the taste of the old
　　[B]it involves fewer players than football
　　[C]it is not exciting enough
　　[D]it is pretentious and looks funny
　　64.The author admits that .
　　[A]baseball is too peaceful for the young
　　[B]baseball may seem boring when watched on TV
　　[C]football is more attracting than baseball
　　[D]baseball is more interesting than football
　　65.By stating “I could have had my eyes closed.” the author means (4th paragraph last sentence) .
　　[A]the third baseman would rather sleep than play the game
　　[B]even if the third baseman closed his eyes a moment ago, it could make no difference to the result
　　[C]the third baseman is so good at baseball that he could finish the game with eyes closed all the time and do his work well
　　[D]the consequence was so bad that he could not bear to see it
　　66.We can safely conclude that the author .
　　[A]likes football[B]hates football
　　[C]hates baseball[D]likes baseball

会计考友 · 发表于 2012-8-14 09:52:38

Part ⅤCloze (15 minutes)
　　Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C]and [D]on the right side of the paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
　　Who won the World Cup 1994 football game? What happened at the United Nations? How did the critics like the new play? 67 an event takes place, newspapers are on the streets 68 the details. Wherever anything happens in the world, reports are on the spot to 69 the news. Newspapers have one basic 70 , to get the news as quickly as possible from its source, from those who make it to those who want to 71 it. Radio, telegraph, television, and 72 inventions brought competition for newspapers. So did the development of magazines and other means of communication. 73 , this competition merely spurred the newspapers on. They quickly made use of the newer and faster means of communication to improve the 74 and thus the efficiency of their own operations. Today more newspapers are 75 and read than ever before. Competition also led newspapers to branch out to many other fields. Besides keeping readers 76 of the latest news, today’s newspapers 77 and influence readers about politics and other important and serious matters. Newspapers influence readers’ economic choices 78 advertising. Most newspapers depend on advertising for their very 79 .News-papers are sold at a price that 80 even a small fraction of the cost of production. The main 81 of income for most newspapers is commercial advertising. The 82 in selling advertising depends on a newspaper’s value to advertisers. This 83 in terms of circulation. How many people read the newspaper? Circulation depends 84 on the work of the circulation department and on the services or entertainment 85 in a newspaper’s pages. But for the most part, circulation depends on a newspaper’s value to readers as a source of information 86 the community, city, country, state, nation, and world—and even outer space.
　　67.[A]Just when[B]While
　　[C]Soon after[D]Before
　　68.[A]to give[B]giving
　　[C]given[D]being given
　　69.[A]gather[B]spread
　　[C]carry[D]bring
　　70.[A]reason[B]cause
　　[C]problem[D]purpose
　　71.[A]make[B]publish
　　[C]know[D]write
　　72.[A]another[B]other
　　[C]one another[D]the other
　　73.[A]However[B]And
　　[C]Therefore[D]So
　　74.[A]value[B]ratio
　　[C]rate[D]speed
　　75.[A]spread[B]passed
　　[C]printed[D]completed
　　76.[A]inform[B]be informed
　　[C]to informed[D]informed
　　77.[A]entertain[B]encourage
　　[C]educate[D]edit
　　78.[A]on[B]through
　　[C]with[D]of
　　79.[A]forms[B]existence
　　[C]contents[D]purpose
　　80.[A]tries to cover[B]manages to cover
　　[C]fails to cover[D]succeeds in
　　81.[A]source [B]origin
　　[C]course[D]finance
　　82.[A]way[B]means
　　[C]chance [D]success
　　83.[A]measures[B]measured
　　[C]is measured[D]was measured
　　84.[A]somewhat [B]little
　　[C]much[D]something
　　85.[A]offering[B]offered
　　[C]which offered[D]to be offered
　　86.[A]by [B]with
　　[C]at[D]about

会计考友 · 发表于 2012-8-14 09:52:39

Part Ⅵ Translation(5 minutes)
　　Direction: Complete the sentences on Answer Sheet 2 by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets.
　　87.There’s a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means(想找麻烦).
　　88.Why didn’t you tell me you could lend me the money? I (本来不必从银行借钱的).
　　89. (正是由于她太没有经验) that she does not know how to deal with the situation.
　　90.I (将做实验) from three to five this afternoon.
　　91.If this can’t be settled reasonably, it may be necessary to (诉诸武力).

会计考友 · 发表于 2012-8-14 09:52:40

Part I Writing
【写作思路】
本文是一篇关于择业的议论文。短文需要说明慎重择业相当重要，并提出多种指导择业的方法。
【参考范文】
Choosing an Occupation
One of the most important problems a young person faces is deciding what to do. There are some people, of course, who from the time are six years old “know” that they want to be doctors or pilots or fire fighters, but the majority of us do not get around to making a decision about an occupation or career until somebody or something forces us to face the problem.
Choosing an occupation takes time, and there are a lot of things you have to think about as you try to decide what you would like to do. You may find that you will have to take special courses to qualify for a particular kind of work, or you may find out that you will need to get actual work experience to gain enough knowledge to qualify for a particular job.
Fortunately, there are a lot of people you can turn to for advice and help in making your decision. At most schools, there are teachers who are professionally qualified to give you detailed information about job qualifications. And you can talk over your ideas with family members and friends who are always ready to listen and to offer suggestions.
Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)(15 minutes)
【全文翻译】
我们会陷入水资源枯竭的困境吗?
想象一只“幽灵船”沉入了沙土中，任其留在干旱的沙土中腐烂掉。再想象沙尘暴从干旱的海床上席卷起有毒的杀虫剂和化肥，呼啸着穿过城镇和村庄。
看起来像关于世界末日的电影中的一个场景?对于居住在中亚咸海附近的居民而言，这一切都是真实的。30年前，为了灌溉(提供水)农田，政府部门的规划专家们改道了引水入海的河流。结果，咸海缩小为原来的一半，船只也搁浅在干旱的沙土上。海水受到污染，其盐含量增到了三倍，导致24种土生土长的鱼类灭绝。
根据众多环保组织的调查，世界其他地方与此类似的大规模的改道努力也是以生态危机而告终的。尽管建造大坝和灌溉系统创造的问题要比它们解决的问题多，但是许多国家仍然继续这样的项目。为什么呢?世界许多地方的人都非常需要水;而且，随着人口的增长，下个世纪将有更多的人需要更多的水。
来自于太平洋发展、环境和安全研究所(the Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security)的环境科学家Peter H. Gleick说，“不断增长的人口将会进一步恶化缺水问题”。该研究所是位于加利福尼亚的一个研究机构。他担心，到2025年，在83亿世界预计人口中，将有三分之一的人口面临缺水问题。
水去了哪里?
来自位于马塞诸塞州阿默斯特的全球水政策项目的Sandra Postel主任认为，地球上只有2.5%的水是适合饮用和种植食物的淡水，其中的三分之一属于冰川和冰盖。事实上，只有极小比例的淡水是水循环的一部分。在水循环中，水蒸发后上升到大气中，然后凝结并以降水的形式(雨或雪)回落到地球上。
一些降水流经陆地进入湖泊和海洋，另一些渗入地球变成地下水。大部分这样的再生淡水最后积聚在诸如巴西亚马逊河流域这样很少有人居住的偏远地方。事实上，世界人口能获得的淡水仅有12，500立方千米——相当于Superior湖的湖水量，其一半已为人类所使用。Postel 说，“如果水的需求量不断快速攀升，水资源将严重短缺，水环境将受到极大破坏。”
问题就在家门口
对于生活在像美国这样富裕国家的人来说，水危机似乎很遥远。但是美国人可能面临严重的缺水问题，尤其是那些依赖地下水的区域。地下水储存于地下含水层和位于泥土和岩床之间的沙石层中。(地球上的地表水与地下水的水量之比大约为1∶90。) 虽然美国富有含水层，农民、农场主和城市居民的用水速度超过了自然界水资源的再生速度。例如，根据Postel的调查，在西北部的得克萨斯州，超量的抽取使得地下水供应减少了25%。
美国人可能会面临更紧迫的污染问题。在美国，饮用水普遍安全，符合高标准要求。不过，据环境保护署的调查，每天有五分之一的美国人在不知不觉中饮用受到细菌和化学废物污染的自来水。1993年，密尔沃基有40万人因饮用受到隐孢子虫污染的自来水而患病。隐孢子虫是一种可引起高烧、腹泻和呕吐的微生物。
污染源
这些污染物从何而来呢?在发展中国家，人们把污水倒入他们从中获取饮用和烹饪水的同一小溪和河流中，每年大约有250万人感染水传播疾病。
在发达国家，制造商使用100,000种化合物来制造更多种类的产品。未经处理就被释放入河流和湖泊中的化学物质使水受到污染。(某些化合物，如多氯联苯，即PCBs，在美国已被禁用。)
但是，水污染几乎与每个人都有关。人们常常将清洁用品、汽车防冻剂、油漆稀释剂倒入下水道中，而所有这些用品都含有有害的化学物质。1996年，科学家们对旧金山海湾的水进行了研究，他们说，百分之七十的污染物可以追溯到家居废物。
除草剂和杀虫剂既可以杀死杂草和昆虫，也会污染水源，因此农民们一直因过量使用除草剂和杀虫剂而备受批评。农民们还使用可以促进植物生长的硝酸盐和富含氮的化肥，但是它们也会严重破坏环境。硝酸盐类物质会被地表径流冲刷入湖泊和海洋之中。过多的硝酸盐使得水域“超级富有”，从而造成水藻或水面微小植物的大量繁殖。藻类剥夺了鱼生存所必需的氧气，有时候会令整个水域中的生命窒息而亡。
解决的方法是什么呢?
水资源专家Gleick提倡保护水资源，通过因地制宜的方法来解决与水相关的问题。例如，政府最好建筑小规模的水坝，而不是像毁掉咸海那样具有破坏性的大水坝。
“全世界有超过10亿的人口缺乏基本的清洁饮用水，”Gleick说，“每个人——政府人员和普通人——都要付诸努力，确保我们有一个最基本的生活源泉。”
【答案解析】
1.【解析】[A]属细节推断题。根据题干的意思，是什么原因造成咸海海水量的减少呢?本文的第二段提到了咸海的具体情况。所以根据题干中的核心词“Aral Sea”，并结合第二段的具体内容，可以将答案定位在该段的第二、三句话“...government planners diverted the rivers that flow into the sea in order to irrigate(provide water for)farmland. As a result, the sea has shrunk to half its original size,...”，这与A“The rivers flowing into it have been diverted”表示的“流入其的河流被改道”的意思相吻合。所以正确答案是A项。答案B和C均属于断章取义，偷换了句子中的部分内容，是迷惑项。答案D的内容按照常理来说，具有一定正确性，但文章并未提及，也是干扰项。
2.【解析】[C]属同义转换题。题干要求回答有关大坝建设和灌溉工程的情况，其中的“massive dams and irrigation”是核心词，定位于文章第三段。该段中的第二句话“...many countries continue to build massive dams and irrigation systems, even though such projects can create more problems than they fix”。这与C项意思“坏处多于好处”一致。所以正确答案是C。答案A和B的意思与原文相反;答案D在文中未提及，属于故意干扰项。
3.【解析】[D]属段落大意理解题。对于此类主旨大意题，可以先看题支中各个选项的区别和联系，然后结合自己对文章的理解来予以选择或者排除。本题要求回答缺水的主要原因是什么。对比四个选项，其中共有四种情况的不同组合：人口增长、水资源污染、水资源浪费和气候干燥。其中的“人口增长”在第三段结尾和第四段开头“Growing population will worsen problems with water”中提到过，属于缺水的主要原因之一;“水资源污染”在小标题“the source”下面分别从发展中国家、发达国家、个人和农民的角度作出重要说明，也是造成缺水的主要原因之一;“水资源浪费和气候干燥”在文中均未提及，所以正确答案是D。
4.【解析】[C]属同义转换题。根据题干中关键词“Americans”，可以定位在小标题“Close to home”下第一段的第二句话，“Americans could face serious water shortages, too especially in areas that rely on groundwater”，表明美国人，特别是依赖地下水的居民可能面临缺水问题，这与答案C的“depending on groundwater”意思一致，属于同义转换，所以答案选C。答案A、B、D都是文章中与题干内容相关的某句话的断章取义，属于干扰项。
5.【解析】[A]属细节推断题。根据题干中的关键词“pollutant”，可以将答案定位在小标题“The sources”之下，再根据“in developed countries”，可以定位于第二段前两句“In developed countries, ... Toxic chemicals pollute water when released untreated into rivers and lakes”。这与A“untreated toxic chemicals from manufacturers”完全吻合，所以答案是A。B是发展中国家水污染的主要来源，C和D分别说明的是农民和个人对水资源造成的污染，属于干扰项。
6.【解析】[B]属细节推断题。题干中的algae是关键词，将答案直接定位于小标题“The source”之下最后一段的最后一句，“Algae deprive the water of oxygen that fish need to survive, at times choking off life in an entire body of water”，这与B“与水域中的生物竞争氧气”相吻合，所以答案选B项。答案A是对文中部分内容的改写，与答案无关;C和D在文中均未提及。
7.【解析】[D]属细节推断题。题干中的“Gleick”和“solving waterrelated problems”是关键词，将答案定位在小标题“What’s the solution”之下最后一段的最后一句，“...says Gleick. ‘There has to be a strong push on the part of everyone—governments and ordinary people—to make sure we have a resource so fundamental to life’”，这与D“government and every person”意思一致，所以答案选D项。其他选项意思与文章不符。
8.【解析】one-third 解题依据为第四段最后一句话：He fears that by the year 2025, as many as one-third of the world’s projected 8.3 billion people will suffer from water shortages
9.【解析】glaciers and ice caps 解题依据为第五段第二句话：Twothirds of this freshwater is locked in glaciers and ice caps
10.【解析】water pollution 解题依据为第十段第二句话：Toxic chemicals pollute water when released untreated into rivers and lakes.
Part Ⅳ Reading Comprehension(Reading in Depth
【全文翻译】
在20世纪最后四分之一期间，美国的购物习惯发生了重大变化。20世纪初期，美国大部分的城市和城镇都有一个往往作为城镇中心的主要街道。街道两旁排列着许多各种各样的商店。在这里，顾客们步入商店，搜寻各种各样的商品：衣服、家具、五金和杂货。另外，有些商店还提供服务。这里的商店有药店、餐馆、修鞋店和理发店。但是，二十世纪五十年代开始出现了一种变化：主街道涌入了太多的汽车，却没有顾客停车的地方。由于街道变得拥挤不堪，商人们便开始格外注意城市界限之外的开阔地。开阔地是驾车的顾客所需要的，也是商人们建设首个购物中心时所考虑的。购物中心，或者说是购物商场，开始在拥挤的城市中心之外建起许多小型的新商店。受许多免费停车场的吸引，顾客们被从市区吸引到郊区的购物商场。购物中心变得越来越流行，转而建立起更大更好的商店。二十世纪七十年代后期，许多购物中心几乎发展成了小城市。除了提供停车购物的便利之外，购物中心也变成了景观公园，拥有坐椅、喷泉和户外娱乐设施。
【答案解析】
47.【解析】[C]本句意为主大街通常是一个城镇的中心。根据下文停车困难也可知应该为“中心”heart。
48.【解析】[I]这条街道排成一列，街道两边都是各式各样的商店。various 意为“不同的、各种各样的”。
49.【解析】[G]另外，一些商店还提供服务。提供服务可用固定的搭配 offer services。
50.【解析】[B]所填词只有take 才能与后面的词place搭配，take place 为固定词组，意为“发生”。But in the 1950s, a change began to take place 意为20世纪50年代开始发生变化。
51.【解析】[N]主街道充斥着太多的汽车，却没有地方给顾客停车。available 意为“可用到的、可利用的”，这里指没有可用的地方给顾客停车。
52【解析】[D]本句意为空旷的空间是开车的顾客所需要的，故用needed。
53.【解析】[L]Shopping centers, or rather malls, started as a collection of small new stores away from crowded city centers. 远离拥挤的城市中心很多小型的新商场聚集在一起构成了大规模购物中心。start 在此处是开业的意思。
54.【解析】[M]customers were drawn away from downtown areas to outlying malls.顾客们被从市中心区吸引到郊区的购物商场。市中心区即用downtown 一词。
55.【解析】[J]购物中心越来越流行，popularity即普及、流行之意。
56.【解析】[F]购物中心除了提供停车的便利之外，还提供其他服务。提供便利即用 provide convenience。
Section B
Passage One
【全文翻译】
文化是国际商业中最具是挑战性的因素之一。作为一种体系，文化具有既定社会成员习得性行为模式的特点，不断受到一些动态变量的塑造，如：语言、宗教信仰、价值观、态度、行为方式和风俗习惯、美学、科技、教育和社会制度。为了应对这一体系，一个国际经理需要了解文化知识并对此作出诠释。在某种程度上，文化知识可以通过学习获得，但对文化的诠释只能通过实践获得。
应对文化环境最复杂的问题源于这样一个事实：人生在文化中但却不能学习文化。关于如何应对文化的多样性，商界中存在两种观点。一种认为，商业是世界性的，遵循百事(Pepsi)和麦当劳(McDonald)的模式。在某些情况下，全球化就是生活;但是，文化差异仍然难以趋同。
另外一种观点认为，企业必须调整其策略以适应特别的文化。在各个国家建立政策和程序就如同器官移植，关键的问题是以接受或排斥为中心。国际经理面临的主要挑战是要确认排斥不是由文化近视或者盲目所引起的。
财富(Fortune)对十二个海外收入占其总收入20%或更多的大公司的国际业绩进行了研究。成功的国际公司都有一个重要的特征：耐心。它们不是冒失地闯入而是遵循最基本的商业原则认真地营造自己的经营活动。这些原则就是了解对手、了解观众以及了解顾客。
【答案解析】
57.【解析】[C]推断题。意为“在商业中怎样对待文化有着不同意见”。文化在商业中是一个很具挑战性的因素,不同的国家与地区可能会有不同的文化体系。在商业中，应该怎样对待不同的文化，商业界存在着不同的看法。
58.【解析】[A]细节题。Pepsi采纳的是国际化的商业风格，这与那些主张国际化的派别的意见是相一致的。
59.【解析】[C]推断题。意为“承认商业世界中文化的多元性”。两个派别都承认商业世界中文化的多元性。他们的不同在于，如何对待不同的文化，应该搞国际化还是对不同的文化采取不同的策略。
60.【解析】[D]主旨题。由文中的例子可以知道，作者主要关心的并不是研究多种文化形态，而是文化背景对商业运作的影响。所以D是正确答案。
61.【解析】[B]细节题。意为“都具有耐心这一素质”。即他们并不急于对号入座而是依据最基本的商业原则谨慎地建立自己的运行模式。

会计考友 · 发表于 2012-8-14 09:52:41

Part Ⅳ Reading Comprehension(Reading in Depth)
Passage Two
【全文翻译】
有些意大利人不喜欢足球，也并不是所有的加拿大人都喜欢曲棍球。美国也存在类似的情况：一提起垒球，有些人就打哈欠甚至皱眉头，你可能就是其中之一。对他们来说，看垒球就意味着眼巴巴地观望着身着紧身而有趣的运动装的人呆立在球场上，东瞧瞧西望望，很少有什么(激动人心的)事发生——真是无聊极了。他们认为，垒球是适合19世纪的运动，慢慢腾腾、毫无活力而又从容和缓。你可能是他们中的一员，喜欢足球，因为它是一种崇尚“热门”的运动。相反，垒球看起来显得孤孤单单、冷冷清清、沉沉静静、慢慢腾腾。
在电视上，垒球运动被切换成不同角度的画面、不断地予以重放、特写。但是，垒球运动的立体感是理解它的核心。你可以把它想象成一位画家从某点开始创作他的作品;当然，你也可以让自己投身到运动中去。正是这种投身其中的感觉使得垒球成为值得参与的运动。电视体现不出这一点。
以三垒手为例。你坐在三垒后面的休息区，看着他望着本垒。他双腿分开，膝盖弯曲，手臂耷拉下来。他反复多次这样做。对垒球持怀疑论态度者仍难以想出其他任何运动是如此的沉静，如此的被动。但是，注意投手每次投球时发生的情况：三垒手踮起了脚趾，弯曲着手臂或将手套举到面前的某个位置，向左或向右、向前或向后迈出一步，可能他还会朝球场扫上一眼，查看一垒手的位置。想象投出了一球。“什么也没有发生，”你说，“我本来可以闭上眼睛”。
怀疑垒球运动者和新手必须要亲自参与这项运动。在看台上看垒球就像听音乐一样明智。注意观察三垒手。用一只脚抹平你面前的土堆，平整好手套上的口袋，注意击球手的眼睛、球棒的速度，聆听垒球击打在球棒上的声音。如果足球是剧场里的一曲运动交响乐，那么垒球就是一曲集声调、合唱和吟唱于一体的自由自在的室内乐。
【答案解析】
62.【解析】[D]主旨题。文章第一段简述了人们对垒球所持的偏见——认为它毫无活力、从容和缓，不像橄榄球那样高潮迭起、令人激动。文章的第二、三、四、五段探讨了垒球的根本特征及欣赏角度，文章的最后一句话用一个比喻概括了垒球的魅力：“如果橄榄球是一曲交响乐的话，那么，垒球中所表现出来的运动恰似一曲优美的室内乐。”可见，本文主要探讨的是垒球的特点及其欣赏。 A不对，第一段也确实提到了不同观众对不同运动形式的偏好，但这只是用以引出对垒球的特征及欣赏的讨论。
63.【解析】[C]细节题。文章第一段指出：许多人不喜欢垒球，一提起垒球这些人就打哈欠甚至皱眉头。对他们来说，看垒球意味着眼巴巴地观望着身着运动装(outfit)的人呆立在球场上，东瞧瞧西望望，很少有什么(激动人心的)事发生——没意思透了。他们认为这样的运动更适合上个世纪的人的口味，不像橄榄球那样充满活力。 A意为：“它只适合老年人的口味。”注意：原文说的是适合上个世纪的人的口味，二者意思不一样。 D意为：“它矫揉造作、滑稽可笑。”这与说它gentlemanly(具有绅士风度，矜持，即：没有冲撞或拼抢)不一样。
64.【解析】[B]推断题。第三段指出，在电视上，垒球运动被切换成不同角度的画面，而且不断地使用重放、特写等电视制作技术，这破坏了该运动的整体运动感，使观众无法将自己投入(project)到运动中去，以体会到这种寓动于静的运动之美。电视做不到这一点(The TV won’t do it for you)，因此，电视上的垒球比赛看上去(seems)孤孤单单、冷冷清清、沉沉静静、慢慢腾腾。C、D不对，作者仅指出了不同运动有不同运动的特征，并未说哪种运动优于哪种。参阅文章最后一句。
65.【解析】[B]推断题。第四段整个都在描述垒球场上的一个场景：拿三垒的运动员假设对方全投出好球，做好了一切准备，但是对方投出的并不是好球。所以在那时候他的准备做不做都不会影响比赛结果。他说本来可以闭上眼睛，意思就是B项所写的。A、C、D都不符合作者的意图。这道题需要完整地了解第四段内容才能做好选择。
66.【解析】[D]推断题。在本文中，作者主要探讨了垒球的特征及欣赏，作者着重指出的是：只有根据垒球的特征来欣赏它，才能体会到它的魅力。在他看来，观察到垒球比赛中运动员的各种动作、垒球位之间的关系等是欣赏它的关键(第三段第二句)。只有从整体来把握它，才能看到每一个小的动作、每一个眼神乃至于“静止”的意义，也只有这样，才能全身心地投入比赛中，欣赏到它的魅力。可见，作者对垒球有很深的理解而且非常喜爱垒球。主要参考第三、四、五段。
Part Ⅴ Cloze
【全文翻译】
谁获得了1994年世界杯足球赛的冠军?联合国发生了什么事情?批评家如何喜欢新剧?一个事件刚刚发生，街上就有报纸报道详情了。世界上无论什么地方发生事情，现场的消息报道就出现了。报纸有一个基本的目的，即尽快从消息来源地、消息制造者处获得消息，并把它传递给想要知道消息的人。无线电、电报、电视及其他发明是报纸的竞争对手。杂志和其他通讯方式的发展也给报纸带来竞争。然而，这种竞争只是加速了报纸的发展。报纸很快地利用更新、更快的通讯手段来提高速度，进而改善自身的运作效率。现在发行的报纸远远超过了以前任何时候。竞争也使报纸向其他许多领域扩展。除了不断为读者提供最新的新闻外，现在的报纸还通过政治报道和其他的重要事件来教育和影响读者，通过广告来影响读者的经济选择。大部分报纸依靠广告收入来维持生存，其售价较低，甚至不足以抵付其成本的一小部分。大部分报纸的收入来源于商业广告，而广告业务的成功取决于报纸在客户(要登广告的人)心中的价值。这种价值是以发行量来衡量的。有多少人阅读该报纸呢?发行量的大小，很大程度上取决于发行部门的工作及报纸所提供的服务或娱乐。但是，很大程度上，报纸作为关于社区、城市、国家、州、民族、世界甚至外层空间的信息来源，它的发行量取决于其对读者的价值。
67.【解析】[A]just在此为副词，意为“刚刚”，做状语。此句意为“一个事件刚刚发生，街上就有报纸报道详情了”，说明报纸对新闻的反应之快。
68.【解析】[A]to give和giving都合乎语法，但giving强调的是正在发生的动作，而此处重点表达的是“反应快”，不是正在做什么。
69.【解析】[A]消息、信息要靠收集。
70.【解析】[D]后面的不定式短语表示目的。
71.【解析】[C]提供信息的目的是为了让他人知道，所以选C。
72.【解析】[B] other意为“其他的”。此句意为：无线电、电报、电视及其他发明，成为报纸的竞争对手。
73.【解析】[A]根据句中的merely及其后所述内容，应选however，表转折。
74.【解析】[D]使用更新、更快的通信工具，目的是提高速度。
75.【解析】[C]报纸是印出来的，先印后看(读)。
76.【解析】[D]“keep sb. 过去分词”是一种复合结构，sb.与过去分词为被动关系，意为保持这种关系的继续。此句的意思是：报纸不断地为读者提供新闻信息。
77.【解析】[C]关于politics之类的严肃话题,只能选educate。
78.【解析】[B]此句意为：报纸通过广告影响读者在经济生活中的选择。
79.【解析】[B]大多数报纸依靠广告收入来维持生存，此现象人人皆知。
80.【解析】[C]报纸的售价之低，不足以抵付成本的一小部分。符合上下文关于广告收入的说法。
81.【解析】[A]收入来源应该用source。因为source指河流、泉水的发源地;常指抽象事物的根源或来源以及资料、信息的出处或来源。origin起源，起因。指事物后来发生、发展变化的最初起点,或指人的出身和血统。
82.【解析】[D]succeed in为固定短语。此句意为：广告业务的成功，取决于报纸在客户(要打广告的人)心中的价值。
83.【解析】[C]根据上下文，此处应该用一般现在时的被动语态，此句意为：报纸在客户心中的价值，是靠发行量衡量的。
84.【解析】[C]该句意为：发行量的大小，很大程度上取决于发行部门的工作及报纸所提供的服务功能和娱乐功能。
85.【解析】[B]offered作services和entertainment的定语。
86.【解析】[D]information后面接介词about，表示“关于”。
Part Ⅵ Translation
87.【答案】to make trouble
【解析】找麻烦，用固定词组make trouble即可，make trouble 即“制造麻烦，捣乱”之意。
88.【答案】needn’t have borrowed it from the bank
【解析】本题考查虚拟语气的用法，needn’t have done的结构是“本不必这样做而做了”的意思。
89.【答案】It is because she is so inexperienced
【解析】没有经验可以用一个形容词来翻译，即inexperienced。
90.【答案】will be doing/conducting the experiment
【解析】本题考查将来进行时态的用法，做实验既可用do experiment也可用conduct experiment。
91.【答案】resort to force
【解析】本题亦考查固定词组用法，“诉诸武力”有固定词组resort to force。

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[四级模拟] 2011年6月英语四级考试预测试卷(1)