</p> 3.与汉语相比,英语中被动语态使用范围非常广。被动语态多用于以下场合。9 q$ @# p3 x( e% |0 m8 o8 G
1)不清楚动作的执行者是谁。' F; ^* q# o" A! Z( U5 ]" V1 u
例1 The front window in the classroom was broken yesterday.(单纯地描述一个事实,即:窗户碎了。但是,"窗户被谁打碎了?"说话人并不知道) k V' ^& _/ J9 t" L0 C$ P- G
2)说话人对宾语的兴趣大于对主语的兴趣。, {% v) Z. w7 V
例2 The books are written especially for children.(说话人关心的只是;这本书是特别为孩子们准备的。目的达到就行,书的作者是谁不用管他)( u- a* E& D1 ]/ C: w& y8 V3 j! @
3)不愿意说出动作的执行者,目的是为了使语言更加圆滑、得体。; ?3 D4 G2 [( c# z" |% n
例3 It's generally considered impolite to ask one's age,salary,marriage,etc.(这句话的潜语境是,有人不识时宜地询问别人的年龄、收入和婚姻状况等,而这是非常不礼貌的。本句的说话者为了避免交际陷入尴尬刻意略去了主语,而选择了"It"作形式主语)) B$ ]* Q0 z0 {. {' c$ x
4)出于修饰的原因,或使句子安排更加合理。
( @6 m; v/ L/ Q. [6 L0 O1 J 例4 The professor came to our school and warmly welcomed by the teachers and students.(句子的后半句用被动式就可以只安排一个主语"the professor"。)
5 `& F8 ?4 D& Y( K% e6 }$ S8 J 汉语虽然也有"被"、"由"之类的词表示动作是被动的,但这种表达远没有英语的被动语态那么常见。因此,很多英语被动句在翻译时就被译成了汉语的主动句。反之,很多汉语的主动句在译成英文时会变成英语被动态。' |) {. n# q2 H3 j
Exercise Eight; w+ t9 s3 E- g: O) c7 H9 A8 X
1. _______________ (随着工商业的发展),the number of trees in many big cities has dramatically reduced.
0 A* b& @% o8 j7 u" k 2. Travel can widen our knowledge, _____________ (扩大我们的眼界),and make one open-minded as well.
+ I/ V- c; v; W0 t: t# ?2 P* N 3. Cars are responsible for most of the smog in cities, _______________ (这已经对环境造成了严重的污染).
( B4 e8 C8 P, T* K! T) l, @- Q$ S 4.Modernization will be entirely possible in the first half of the 21st century, as long as we ________________(坚持认为)that economic development is the center of all our work.# B' X6 k% T. J* w3 u; K
5. He was convinced on the basis of ____________(当时已出现的情况)that there would be a long and difficult struggle. |