二、 综合改错7 W2 ?4 O2 Q3 e3 H8 O
词汇、语法类错误& X+ m+ L8 w. O6 ~: T
词汇、语法类错误涵盖面甚广,包括除逻辑错误以外的所有错误,在六级考试改错题当中该类错误约占到70%。下面我们就词类的角度,分析、归纳经常出现的错误。
8 f" ^; Q: f: ?2 x& c8 Z* Y6 u(一) 名词错误
; F, w6 ~3 F- D( g+ S7 W单复数错误,可数名数与不可数名词误用。
+ m4 s. a9 {4 M" Z7 q! c8 h(二) 代词错误5 [+ e$ G h& W1 @1 ^$ M+ q8 k
① 代词单复数用错,造成搭配不一致;② 人称与非人称用错;③ 主格、宾格或所有格用错;④ 关系代词用错;⑤ 不定代词用错。
! M. X0 d2 j3 d% }5 I) M" {(三) 动词错误& @. o4 G! T2 T7 L. \
① 时态,语态,第三人称单数错误;② 谓语动词形式错误;③ 及物与不及物动词用错,造成缺宾语或不能带宾语;④ 动词采用非谓语动词形式,造成谓语缺失,或用动词代替分词状语,造成一句中有两个谓语。
1 } [: V1 R. W1 K7 O* m7 _- U(四) 形容词、副词错误0 ^; f% p* U9 m% D( e* |9 e% n
形容词、副词比较级、最高级错误。
1 k5 D* U0 T! i; G2 Q(五) 介词错误7 e# J$ K: E& p% Y- O
① 用错介词,造成搭配错误;② 遗漏介词或添加多余的介词。
" a% f, v' d5 T. |6 o3 s4 f, E(六) 分词错误4 K0 K5 N' f* F n. |: q; l% u6 l! D
现在分词与过去分词置换错误,该用ing分词却用了ed分词,或者相反。! H) J2 |6 A/ n d. c, j
(七) 其他词类错误
: ^4 C- ]* {7 C* p0 `7 ^① 定冠词和不定冠词用错,冠词遗漏或多余;② 不定式符号to的缺漏或多余;③ 基数词与序数词错用。
% A9 p3 E0 E" l) B; `2 e(八) 词性误用; z: C* m/ |1 K7 @" \5 R: B
词类误用出现在以上主要词类中,在实考试卷中,多表现为以下各组词类间的误用:
3 F+ y/ W' X2 q2 l① 名词形容词
! }5 C* V3 A; A- Y! _$ u. h用错的情况经常是:该用形容词作定语的地方用了名词,或该作宾语的位置用了形容词。
! T2 C$ B& [' w, J● There may be sound medicine reasons for accepting electrical shock treatment.应为medical; v! M% J/ @) q% m E) H
● It is often this idea that caused their problems rather than any short of professional skills. 应为shortage
/ A+ k2 `2 d( V! C4 h② 形容词副词
) W: D2 V% n+ q经常出现的错误情形为:用于修饰形容词、动词的副词被错用为形容词,或处于表语、补误位置的形容词被错用为副词。
9 p* C$ x2 p1 G0 @( t● Deciding how much discomfort and risk we are prepared to put up with in the name of better health is a high personal matter. 应为highly
& [( q, E9 e; [" p, O/ q) c● Industrial growth in countries that had former been markets hastened regional selfsufficiency, and in consequence, hastened the collapse of organized longdistance trade. 应为formerly
0 o8 [7 m* F# k$ H& v7 R/ e. l4 v● The bees sting is used only once and is made more effectively by the fact that it is left behind in the victim. 应为effective
& Y" }+ l# G, O2 m9 y1 d● It is precisely in these areas that the advantages of cooperation and sharing of experience appear evidently. 应为evident
, B! B, x$ r8 l. a7 [● Even the quiet of our careful protected wilderness areas can be invaded at any moment by a passing jet. 应为carefully
$ z0 ?0 G; }% T/ Q* M" c1 e& y, s: q J(九) 措词错误
; N2 @: B' o1 P( w. j- g) O此类错误主要指选词的错误,即该用某个词,却误用了另外一个词,造成语义不当或语法上的错误。所以要纠正错误,必须另换一词。这类错误主要表现为以下几个方面:8 ?1 m: J- w, E+ Y# g: H
① 同义词、近义词选用不当;
! |: W$ }) N; t& U( b! d$ `② 形似义异词用错。) n0 p1 I9 @- |2 |- }" E9 m
● Between sunrise and sunset, streets and highways are a constant resource of noise from ears, buses and trucks. resource意为“资源”,意义不当,应改作source(来源)。
) \6 j o: r% b$ d* K) S2 z) Q● The government of most countries spend huge sums of money for international defence.6 e3 t4 d5 t3 @" W: s5 F% W: ?
根据句中“大多数国家的政府”可知“ international”应为“national”。9 r3 k& u6 F2 l
● The two countries will restore full diplomatic relations now that they have set their longstanding border dispute. 根据句意,句中set应改为“settled”,与dispute搭配表示“平息/解决争端”。而set无“平息,解决”之意,这是因为拼写发音相似而导致的用词错误。0 A8 V7 u, M% Z; M1 G
● At the bottom of the world lays a mighty continent still wrapped in Ice Age and ,until recent times, unknown to man. 句中“lays”意为“放置”,且为及物动词,应换作“lies”(躺着)。这是一对容易混淆的词。+ q: i- |9 P5 \
逻辑错误. [0 ]. ^! K( B; I
综合改错的第二大类错误为逻辑错误。从出题的角度看,设计者有意将某个连词,或起连词作用的副词换成与文章思路矛盾的连词或副词;或将某个正确的词的词义换成它的反义词;或者通过去掉否定词或添加否定词,使上下文产生矛盾。
$ E# |9 x! S8 I& I(一) 连词或副词错用2 c/ m/ K' z5 |+ W& O; r/ m: m
连词或起连词作用的副词按表示的逻辑关系可分为因果、转折、并列、递进、让步、假设等几大类。出题者往往通过把表示某种关系的连词或副词换成表示另一类逻辑关系的词,造成逻辑矛盾。如把因果关系连词和转折关系的连词互换,把表示递进关系的与让步关系的词互换等。下列连词和副词在改错题中要特别注意。
/ r8 L! |! O2 q# c L. z) Pbecause, so, therefore, thus, since, as, for, consequently, but, however, nevertheless, whereas, although, yet, while, despite, before, after, moreover, furthermore, and, or, neither, nor
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● People are earning higher wages and salaries. This leads to changes in the way of life. As income goes up, people may not want more food to eat or more clothes to wear. Since they may want more and better care from doctors, dentists and hospitals. They are likely to travel more and to want more education. Nevertheless, many more jobs are available in these services.上面这段文字中的连词“since”作“由于”解,与前文所述原因矛盾,而且since用在此,句法上也不正确,没有主句,应改为but。后面的连词Nevertheless(然而),与上下文文意不合,应改为表示因果关系的 “Therefore”或“So”。 |