Passage Four
! d6 Z/ s. s9 q: R" oQuestions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.; V5 z8 Z4 _7 T! S. P# a9 S
In 1854 my great-grandfather, Morris Marable, was sold on an auction block in Georgia for $ 500. for his white slave master, the sale was just “business as usual.” But to Morris Marable and his heirs, slavery was a crime against our humanity. This pattern of human rights violations against enslaved African-Americans continued under racial segregation for nearly another century.) p2 k+ t' w. V5 U
The fundamental problem of American democracy in the 21st century is the problem of “structural racism” : the deep patterns of socio-economic inequality and accumulated disadvantage that are coded by race, and constantly justified in public speeches by both racist stereotypes and white indifference. Do Americans have the capacity and vision to remove these structural barriers that deny democratic rights and opportunities to millions of their fellow citizens?
/ ? h5 b: _) N1 Q" Z# L& n" Y2 _7 g* JThis country has previously witnessed two great struggles to achieve a truly multicultural democracy.
$ { ` y+ p+ x3 S# S9 |) jThe First Reconstruction(1954-1877)ended slavery and briefly gave black men voting rights, but gave no meaningful compensation for two centuries of unpaid labor. The promise of “40 acres and a mule(骡子)” was for most blacks a dream deferred(尚未实现的).: d* U" G4 G S) s8 `
The Second Reconstruction(1954-1968), or the modern civil rights movement, ended legal segregation in public accommodations and gave blacks voting rights. But these successes paradoxically obscure the tremendous human costs of historically accumulated disadvantage that remain central to black Americans’ lives.: Y9 Z q7 m1 |
The disproportionate wealth that most whites enjoy today was first constructed from centuries of unpaid black labor. Many white institutions, including some leading universities, insurance companies and banks, profited from slavery. This pattern of white privilege and black inequality continues today.
6 E( y- ~+ Z# ~0 K" l# J9 oDemanding reparations(赔偿)is no just about compensation for slavery and segregation. It is, more important, an educational campaign to highlight the contemporary reality of “racial deficits” of all kinds, the unequal conditions that impact blacks regardless of class. Structural racism’s barriers include “equity inequity,” the absence of black capital formation that is a direct consequence of America’s history. One third of all black households actually have negative net wealth. In 1998 the typical black family’s net wealth was $ 16,400 , less than one fifth that of white families. Black families are denied home loans at twice the rate of whites.
/ M6 ^ P. O7 K: h6 p& z3 _Blacks remain the last hired and first fired during recessions. During the 1990-91 recession, African-Americans suffered disproportionately. At Coca-Cola, 42 percent of employees who lost their jobs were blacks. At Sears, 54 percent were black. Black have significantly shorter life spans, in part due to racism in the health establishment. Black are statistically less likely than whites to be referred for kidney transplants or early-stage cancer surgery.
$ Y2 x2 F% @2 y6 g36. To the author, the auction of his great-grandfather is a typical example of _______.
1 a% H( I& s. O6 pA ) crime against humanity B ) unfair business transaction
# d( z, V8 G8 T' XC ) racial conflicts in Georgia D ) racial segregation in America
' j: k) U) w. a% t; q9 v" L( G37. The barrier to democracy in 21st century America is ______." ^/ n3 ^, t8 y
A ) widespread use of racist stereotypes
4 b- t$ y; l$ JB ) prejudice against minority groups
' y" h9 i# m/ N# z# @, TC ) deep-rooted socio-economic inequality
, p0 I# v. C( i4 ID ) denial of legal rights to ordinary blacks.
8 ~9 `% x8 j! ]3 @; V* Q3 K) z38. What problem remains unsolved in the two Reconstructions?2 T: t' @( ~0 o# l
A ) Differences between races are deliberately obscured.
% O: r) K5 B8 }) A% c6 k2 _* ZB ) The blacks are not compensated for their unpaid labor.
7 Y- S! s7 |% E' z! W2 J7 CC ) There is no guarantee for blacks to exercise their rights.: H; h9 l" d8 g. }$ e
D ) The interests of blacks are not protected by law.
+ U: l0 Y. S1 t# J( @( J" s39. It is clear that the wealth enjoyed by most whites ________.) K/ C+ {/ W( Y
A ) has resulted from business successes over the years; T, H0 u- u$ O3 m1 e: N
B ) has been accompanied by black capital formation# h8 k2 h; L" D; ]: w/ Z
C ) has derived from sizable investments in education
+ X: s$ K7 e5 HD ) has been accumulated from generations of slavery
, z6 d% s5 T& U1 {* U( i8 ?40. What does the author think of the current situation regarding racial discrimination?$ T* j3 q s' T6 ]: e6 q
A ) Racism is not a major obstacle to blacks’ employment.
8 a: o* }; q3 ?1 \B ) Inequality of many kinds remains virtually untouched.
* N4 J' |! |8 r) Z6 SC ) A major step has been taken towards reparations.
3 w/ X7 o6 {2 Y2 f; C, ZD ) Little has been done to ensure blacks’ civil rights.
+ T# T' g/ m; O. S- m7 |Part Ⅲ Vocabulary ( 20 minutes ): v3 N$ e, {1 D: L! {
41. Because of the ________ of its ideas, the book was in wide circulation both at home and abroad.
( P) l% _$ O2 N( b8 b7 I, i& a# C$ NA ) originality B ) subjectivity C ) generality D ) ambiguity
$ ^% [6 a, I2 s8 i42. With its own parliament and currency and a common _______ for peace, the European Union declared itself — in 11 official languages — open for business.
; A' s: E& {/ _9 v1 C G! tA ) discrete B ) assimilation C ) intuition D ) aspiration! |0 }( i5 ^4 e0 m Z
43. America has now adopted more _______ European-style inspection systems, and the incidence of food poisoning is falling.
( I8 K. m$ \' Q5 v% @9 SA ) discrete B ) solemn C ) rigorous D ) autonomous0 ]% o/ |6 d. E8 W ^- s
44. Mainstream pro-market economists all agree that competition is an ______ spur to efficiency and innovation." F+ y$ L, w/ h
A ) extravagant B ) exquisite C ) intermittent D ) indispensable
# `1 Y8 |7 o+ E9 c; a4 m45. In the late 19th century, Jules Verne, the master of science fiction, foresaw many of the technological wonders that are ______ today.
9 t3 z( @' `6 [! g @A ) transient B ) commonplace C ) implicit D ) elementary% S2 q }# l7 i1 M! `- N7 a! ?
46. I was so _______ when I used the automatic checkout lane in the supermarket for the first time.7 [8 g1 n% S6 s$ n) I
A ) immersed B ) assaulted C ) thrilled D ) dedicated% I( i9 L8 @) @/ h4 v
47. His arm was _______ from the shark’s mouth and reattached, but the boy, who nearly died, remained in a delicate condition.* `3 {4 d4 p }' x7 ~6 z
A ) retrieved B ) retained C ) repelled D ) restored
2 u. \/ Y8 k3 d+ I$ _# A! ~48. Bill Gates and Walt Disney are two people America has _______ to be the Greatest American.
" V( @+ ^# ^7 j4 hA ) appointed B ) appeased C ) nicknamed D ) nominated
: T* w7 @; t0 D3 e: R49. The _______ majority of citizens tend to believe that the death penalty will help decrease the crime rate.
0 j5 E+ v' w9 t8 I% f2 jA ) overflowing B ) overwhelming C ) prevalent D ) premium& M$ \, Y8 T& g! w. b& u
50. We will also see a _______ increase in the number of televisions per household, as small TV displays are added to clocks, coffee makers and smoke detectors.
$ p! x) ~* I! kA ) startling B ) surpassing C ) suppressing D ) stacking( |- Y: b. ^- ]6 X d/ ?& z! o
51. The advance of globalization is challenging some of our most _______ values and ideas, including our idea of what constitutes “home”.. ]* j" u% Q4 w4 c! Y3 L
A ) enriched B ) enlightened C ) cherished D ) chartered' X3 e& X+ L& T1 a* I4 `$ U$ a+ D
52. Researchers have discovered that _______ with animals in an active way may lower a person’s blood pressure.
# T5 b# E1 F5 @. z {1 E) HA ) interacting B ) integrating C ) migrating D ) merging
4 U. _. y0 d. @0 B53. The Beatles, the most famous British band of the 1960s, traveled worldwide for many years, _______ cultural barriers.' u# y. J7 x, Z- G/ q
A ) transporting B ) transplanting C ) transferring D ) transcending
& ~+ q; r+ o6 A3 _# `54. In his last years, Henry suffered from a disease that slowly _______ him of much of his sight.
1 v$ E9 F# y2 [: e: @8 B. TA ) relieved B ) jeopardized C ) deprived D ) eliminated
1 y: h0 j0 J: N8 u7 Y3 f55. Weight lifting, or any other sport that builds up your muscles, can make bones become denser and less _______ to injury.
' E' ?* u6 b; Y* `0 X7 TA ) attached B ) prone C ) immune D ) reconciled" c; F0 z; {" E _
56. He has _______ to museums hundreds of his paintings as well as his entire personal collection of modern art.* t1 r' u" I( w" G$ q
A ) ascribed B ) attributed C ) designated D ) donated
7 j S7 O7 t; E) }; ]) x1 p57. Erik’s website contains _______ photographs and hundreds of articles and short videos from his trip around the globe.
/ r: Y2 m t3 F1 }+ G( }& d0 TA ) prosperous B ) gorgeous C ) spacious D ) simultaneous
: a# u5 z- d8 g; k! P+ l' r58. Optimism is a _______ shown to be associated with good physical health, less depression and longer life.5 X, d6 ^; k9 e7 w7 W
A ) trail B ) trait C ) trace D ) track! }+ _2 e4 N: J, k# x
59. The institution has a highly effective program which helps first-year students make a successful _______ into college life.
N O- b7 c( [) VA ) transformation B ) transmission C ) transition D ) transaction
, j9 G- V% G6 u/ ~60. Philosophers believe that desire, hatred and envy are “negative emotions” which _______ the mind and lead it into a pursuit of power and possessions.3 q: Z: V6 c% U; v
A ) distort B ) reinforce C ) exert D ) scramble
1 a* a: Q; H- P8 J61. The term “glass ceiling” was first used by the Wall Street Journal to describe the apparent barriers that prevent women from reaching the top of the corporate _______.1 M# X1 f% a, W; ^) d
A ) seniority B ) superiority C ) height D ) hierarchy% I6 A) b+ R$ }" R; h ~5 ], [
62. Various efforts have made over the centuries to predict earthquakes, including observing lights in the sky and _______ animal behavior.
) @8 S" e) S9 SA ) abnormal B ) exotic C ) absurd D ) erroneous( K! X+ ^( @* q$ h: b4 R
63. Around 80 percent of the _______ characteristics of most white Britons have been passed down from a few thousand Ice Age hunters.1 N: g* p$ y! d' v% W
A ) intelligible B ) random C ) spontaneous D ) genetic( [* |% f3 r& d* o$ y
64. Picasso gained popularity in the mid-20th century, which was _______ of a new attitude towards modern art.+ C% n* @3 S4 d% ?% _5 E4 a
A ) informative B ) indicative C ) exclusive D ) expressive
3 I7 X, Q7 i' c2 \! U65. The country was an island that enjoyed civilized living for a thousand years or more with little _______ from the outside world.6 w; _+ H+ Q( @; S0 Z8 }
A ) disturbance B ) discrimination C ) irritation D ) irregularity
) t1 ]2 _0 B9 p& R66. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and _______.
; q$ v" ]8 C* Z) B5 V# [% EA ) stability B ) capability C ) durability D ) availability! r* q( b6 |6 _6 d W
67. Back in the days when people traveled by horse and carriage, Karl Benz _______ the world with his extraordinary three-wheeled motor vehicle.4 A7 j+ o6 S* {: C! o7 C2 |
A ) inhibited B ) extinguished C ) quenched D ) stunned
1 _; e! r- x; C. K8 m' o68. If we continue to ignore the issue of global warming, we will almost certainly suffer the _______ effects of climatic changes worldwide.' `! ~' {) V6 ^) f, @# v9 b& d
A ) dubious B ) drastic C ) trivial D ) toxic3 \ W* n( a1 h0 t9 l
69. According to the theory of evolution, all living species are the modified _______ of earlier species.
X6 E' K. l3 e: x [# hA ) descendants B ) dependants C ) defendants D ) developments/ C3 @- M J; Z0 h; z
70. The panda is an endangered species, which means that it is vary likely to become _______ without adequate protection.
a2 N0 l5 P1 d b) S! H/ O1 GA ) intact B ) insane C ) extinct D ) exempt |