英语专四语法词汇指导：虚拟语气详解（三）

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名词性从句中的虚拟语气
) T0 k) p0 V/ X4 P/ Q: f4 n第一节：宾语从句(Subordinate Clasue)中的虚拟语气
一、在动词wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
在动词wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气，常省去宾语从句的引导词that。
& ]& _1 h& p1 x( ^4 a4 s一）、对现在情况的虚拟（与现在的事实相反）：
从句用过去式或过去进行式(时间上是同时的)。其句子结构为：宾语从句的谓语be和were(was)，实义动词用过去式。例：
1. I wish (that可省略,下同)I knew the answer to the question.(wish, 动词过去式knew)我希望知道这个答案。(事实上是不知道)
2. I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.(wish, were)但愿我的家乡四季如春。(事实上不可能)
7 u% \) Q! F7 u! {: q' ~) B, K- e3. I wish I were a bird.(wish, were)但愿我是只小鸟。(事实上不可能)
4. When she was at the party,she wished she were at home.(wished,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不在家)
4 g/ j2 L' @) [) s9 ^1 Y) `) H5. Now that he is in China, he wishes he understood Chinese.(wishes,过去虚拟动词understood)
2 }4 y# O  X# G) ~2 Z3 U现在他在中国，他希望能懂得中文。(事实上并不懂)
# p9 I7 `. y4 y6. When we begin the trip, they will wish they were with us.(will wish,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不和我们在一起)
二）、对过去情况的虚拟（和过去的事实相反）：
用wish表示对过去事情的遗憾。其句子结构为：宾语从句的谓语用过去完成时，或would, could, might+现在完成时。例：
+ h$ U4 R% U$ _" Y  G2 b: j+ L1. I wish (that可省略，下同)I hadn't wasted so much time.
# H9 l4 R9 s3 e: t6 f+ ]我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。(事实上已浪费了)
. }+ K: J7 u# {2. He wishes he hadn't lost the chance.
他真希望没有失去机会。(其实已失去)
/ J+ h4 l  [) A  j5 s" [% _3. We wished he had spoken to us.
! s& B& c" A+ t! w/ q( i/ ^(wished，had + spoken)(事实上他并没同我们讲)
/ ]  u4 M( T  l2 m4 ]0 x& @4. I wish you had called earlier.
9 [6 _0 `8 |8 \# s' {$ V. `* l( j( J(wish, had + called)(事实上已迟了)
5. They will wish they had listened to us sooner.
! ~) m! V8 M; G% T4 Y3 |1 }' Z) m+ y(will wish,had + listened)(事实上并不如此)
例题分析：I wish I ______ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.
9 h" @5 g8 L8 n# A% }1 ~A. could have slept 　　B. slept　　C. might have slept 　　D. have slept
动词wish后面接从句，表达不可能实现或与事实相反的情况时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气，即用过去式（表示现在发生的动作）或过去完成式（表示过去发生的动作）。本题后半句谓语动词have用的是过去时had
to get up and come, 所以前面要用过去完成时表示过去发生的动作。所以, 选项A)could have slept是答案
$ u  K+ Z  v# Z, u& w三）、对将来情况的虚拟(表示将来的主观愿望)：
2 O& ?( ~' t5 p3 n5 S+ `# e从句动词"would/should/could/might + 动词原形"(时间上较后)(请注意：主句和从句的主语不相同)。用wish表示对将来事情的愿望。例：
2 [( n8 y) s, ^% j8 B% I, O1. I wish it would stop raining.(虚拟动词would+动词原形stop)
, K# ?: o5 C! I1 c: H) @我希望雨能停止。(事实上雨还在下着呢)
( [  Y4 D  ]7 A9 G- Y1 f  X1 f2. I wish you would be quiet.(would + be)
  D! a' z: m) m% u8 z2 c我希望你安静一些。(事实上那家伙还在吵着呢)
6 Z) u. L7 ^* U6 l# B; Q( o3. You wished she would arrive the next day.(would + arrive)
你希望她第二天会到。(事实上她还没到)
4. I wish she would change her mind.(would + change)
我希望她会改变主意。(呵呵，女孩子可没那么容易就改变主意喔)
5. He will wish we would join him the following week.(would + join)
# q2 A7 W! E% W/ h# [% |: |/ ~* y1 y(只是希望我们和他在一起，实际上还没在一起)
四）、注意：
1.如果将wish改为过去式wished, 其后that 从句中的动词形式不变。例如：
$ c5 |- l8 F& a2 N: iI wished I hadn't spent so much money.
我要是那时没有花掉那么多钱就好了。
2. 如果that 从句中用would , 一般表示对现状不满或希望未来有所改变或请求
6 S7 |$ p/ P/ X0 x" n0 }I wish he would answer my letter.
) t3 F' V5 e; s# mI wish prices would come down.
I wish you would help me.
, |, Y8 A5 g/ Z9 Y" FI wish you would stop asking silly questions.