专八英语语言学笔记纲要（3）

会计考友

　　Chapter 3 Phonology
) j4 j2 U. i8 ~& S　　l        What is phonology?
* J4 ~) V# o) A) j1 i' U) K　　n        Phonology is the study of sound systems and patterns.
1 V% ?- E& M9 B4 }1 ]: I" D% t: g　　n        Phonology and phonetics are two studies different in perspectives, which are concerned with the study of speech sounds.
8 T7 S; R5 y% x* j　　n        Phonology focuses on three fundamental questions.
　　u      What sounds make up the list of sounds that can distinguish meaning in a particular language?
　　u      What sounds vary in what ways in what context?
　　u      What sounds can appear together in a sequence in a particular language?
0 J) ^7 N. Y& o8 \( p　　l        Phonemes and allophones
" z# E6 p5 Y$ _  F" w　　n        A phoneme is a distinctive, abstract sound unit with a distinctive feature.
# ^- N2 s( K; f+ c　　n        The variants of a phoneme are termed allophones.
　　n        We use allophones to realize phonemes.
　　l        Discovering phonemes
; f  N  y: v/ Y9 }) R　　n        Contrastive distribution – phonemes
( L) P4 D* N. c& S　　u      If sounds appear in the same environment, they are said to be in contrastive distribution.
$ B* j/ F' h2 k, R7 Z+ A! W　　u      Typical contrastive distribution of sounds is found in minimal pairs and minimal sets.
　　l        A minimal pair consists of two words that differ by only one sound in the same position.
2 D. j- _8 f% g$ f8 b+ \3 T　　l        Minimal sets are more than two words that are distinguished by one segment in the same position.
　　u      The overwhelming majority of the consonants and vowels represented by the English phonetic alphabet are in contrastive distribution.
9 H; U" ^5 H( O2 ^　　u      Some sounds can hardly be found in contrastive distribution in English. However, these sounds are distinctive in terms of phonetic features. Therefore, they are separate phonemes.
  t! g+ A& S/ y　　n        Complementary distribution – allophones
3 D- A$ v. s5 O8 `6 P$ W　　u      Sounds that are not found in the same position are said to be in complementary distribution.
　　u      If segments are in complementary distribution and share a number of features, they are allophones of the same phoneme.
　　n        Free variation
　　u      If segments appear in the same position but the mutual substitution does not result in change of meaning, they are said to be in free variation.
　　l        Distinctive and non-distinctive features
　　n        Features that distinguish meaning are called distinctive features, and features do not, non-distinctive features.
$ n0 B6 C! R" x' H+ v6 O2 p" r　　n        Distinctive features in one language may be non-distinctive in another.
% O; F( d" q) E" w. @　　l        Phonological rules
　　n        Phonemes are abstract sound units stored in the mind, while allophones are the actual pronunciations in speech.
( D7 ~3 f# U- Z/ J　　n        What phoneme is realized by what allophones in what specific context is another major question in phonology.
0 p' H  N: P7 {2 p' T　　n        The regularities that what sounds vary in what ways in what context are generalized and stated in phonology as rules.
　　n        There are many phonological rules in English. Take the following ones as examples.
- r  F4 l* S6 [; L! b" z- A4 |% X/ g　　l        [+voiced +consonant] – [-voiced]/[-voiced +consonant]_
　　l        [-voiced +bilabial +stop] – unaspirated/[-voiced +alveolar +fricative]_