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[专八辅导] 专八英语语言学笔记纲要(3)

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发表于 2012-8-14 11:35:50 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
  Chapter 3 Phonology
  x3 G* ~" A" Y! z+ t/ a( M  l        What is phonology?
, f9 m5 Q, i( V; K+ \  n        Phonology is the study of sound systems and patterns.* j) \4 m$ V: q! l6 E6 @
  n        Phonology and phonetics are two studies different in perspectives, which are concerned with the study of speech sounds.
* _$ {" u+ A1 _! F6 R  n        Phonology focuses on three fundamental questions.
! x3 J" @$ S6 x& K/ ~  u      What sounds make up the list of sounds that can distinguish meaning in a particular language?' h3 p% w$ H. ^
  u      What sounds vary in what ways in what context?# t& b+ I- |& x+ T5 ]
  u      What sounds can appear together in a sequence in a particular language?( T3 R/ M: P- Z0 ]: h" E+ h% j
  l        Phonemes and allophones. B/ F6 D1 H$ ~& [4 ~+ _8 t5 M
  n        A phoneme is a distinctive, abstract sound unit with a distinctive feature.& w: W5 e1 F+ K% y; Q1 q5 @
  n        The variants of a phoneme are termed allophones." n; g% K% i9 o# h
  n        We use allophones to realize phonemes.6 u% K/ x$ D# D4 w
  l        Discovering phonemes
: S& [/ k1 V7 g: e/ W$ X  n        Contrastive distribution – phonemes6 D/ g3 o8 j3 i" ~; x# M0 Y
  u      If sounds appear in the same environment, they are said to be in contrastive distribution.% o5 v$ z- a& f, P
  u      Typical contrastive distribution of sounds is found in minimal pairs and minimal sets.
% T+ R+ T$ ~' i& F7 e  d  l        A minimal pair consists of two words that differ by only one sound in the same position.+ i+ n: p  j2 X* |" @6 l
  l        Minimal sets are more than two words that are distinguished by one segment in the same position.
/ z2 I) @/ F% c8 r" }8 l  u      The overwhelming majority of the consonants and vowels represented by the English phonetic alphabet are in contrastive distribution.
; n( e* H3 F. v4 H  u      Some sounds can hardly be found in contrastive distribution in English. However, these sounds are distinctive in terms of phonetic features. Therefore, they are separate phonemes.% V/ H' n- T. E. Y) p! |
  n        Complementary distribution – allophones+ _# I# T5 A! f1 ?$ _
  u      Sounds that are not found in the same position are said to be in complementary distribution.
# l: t: n7 {; E2 G" C$ B+ c- b$ P& w  u      If segments are in complementary distribution and share a number of features, they are allophones of the same phoneme.* L) f1 x/ K( Y! H" i
  n        Free variation; y* p) u! i8 x" `
  u      If segments appear in the same position but the mutual substitution does not result in change of meaning, they are said to be in free variation.
4 R/ E$ t) e+ g/ b8 {  l        Distinctive and non-distinctive features% r. w0 a& w0 h! p7 \5 Z) y/ ^, P
  n        Features that distinguish meaning are called distinctive features, and features do not, non-distinctive features.
% |: l5 b% x1 V! }: t  n        Distinctive features in one language may be non-distinctive in another.
1 @7 H( y4 x2 E1 E7 i  l        Phonological rules
( E  y8 n5 R, S! `% m' H$ k) P. N1 n  n        Phonemes are abstract sound units stored in the mind, while allophones are the actual pronunciations in speech.
* ]9 C; D4 M7 j7 |4 ~9 `9 I! }' g  n        What phoneme is realized by what allophones in what specific context is another major question in phonology.
' }; v! h" `0 l; b$ a  n        The regularities that what sounds vary in what ways in what context are generalized and stated in phonology as rules.
( a" x. G5 d# G3 e$ w% Y) c  n        There are many phonological rules in English. Take the following ones as examples.
# m% l3 P( M& H3 G  l        [+voiced +consonant] – [-voiced]/[-voiced +consonant]_: L5 g2 P7 C0 X  B& W. n$ D
  l        [-voiced +bilabial +stop] – unaspirated/[-voiced +alveolar +fricative]_
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