专八英语语言学笔记纲要（1）

会计考友 · 发表于 2012-8-14 11:35:50

　　Linguistics
　　Chapter 1 Introduction: Language and Linguistics
　　l       What is language?
　　n       Different definitions of language
　　u    Language is a system whose parts can and must be considered in their synchronic solidarity. (de Saussure, 1916)
　　u    [Language is] a set (finite or infinite) of sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements. (Chomsky, 1957)
　　u    Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.
　　n       Each of the definitions above has pointed out some aspects of the essence of language, but all of them have left out something. We must see the multi-faceted nature of language.
　　n       As is agreed by linguists in broad terms, language can be defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
　　l       Features of human language
　　n       Creativity
　　u    Language provides opportunities for sending messages that have never been sent before and for understanding brand new messages.
　　u    The grammar rules and the words are finite, but the sentences are infinite. Every speaker uses language creatively.
　　n       Duality
　　u    Language contains two subsystems, one of sounds and the other of meanings.
　　u    Certain sounds or sequences of sounds stand for certain meanings.
　　u    Certain meanings are conveyed by certain speech sounds or sequences of speech sounds.
　　n       Arbitrariness
　　u    The relationship between the two subsystems of language is arbitrary.
　　u    There is no logical connection between sound and meaning.
　　n       Displacement
　　u    There is no limit in time or space for language.
　　u    Language can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past, present or future.
　　n       Cultural transmission
　　u    Culture cannot be genetically transmitted. Instead, it must be learned.
　　u    Language is a way of transmitting culture.
　　n       Interchangeability
　　u    All members of a speech community can send and receive messages.
　　n       Reflexivity
　　u    Human languages can be used to describe themselves.
　　u    The language used to talk about language is called meta-language.
　　l       Functions of language – three meta-functions
　　n       The ideational function
　　u    To identify things, to think, or to record information.
　　n       The interpersonal function
　　u    To get along in a community.
　　n       The textual function
　　u    To form a text.
　　l       Types of language
　　n       Genetic classification
　　n       Typological classification
　　u    Analytic language – no inflections or formal changes, grammatical relationships are shown through word order, such as Chinese and Vietnamese

会计考友 · 发表于 2012-8-14 11:35:51

　　u Synthetic language – grammatical relationships are expressed by changing the internal structure of the words, typically by changing the inflectional endings, such as English and German
　　u Agglutinating language – words are built out of a long sequence of units, with each unit expressing a particular grammatical meaning, such as Japanese and Turkish

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[专八辅导] 专八英语语言学笔记纲要（1）

专八英语语言学笔记纲要（1）