内容概要:
- q/ M. w3 w+ h M6 { 今天我们要来复习的是:have to, have got to, must not, need在现代英语中,have to 中不定式和疑问句式既可以按照助动词的变化规则构成,也可以按照行为动词的变化规则构成。
: [. U+ m7 |8 B+ o4 ?# y/ S" C Have you to finish the work before supper?
: i" C1 D" q/ B& v. H- m Do you have to finish the work before supper?
+ O1 h& v. z# I* M have got to 常可同have to换用,但有时表示不同的含义。比较:
O1 ]; I* I% S2 c: @$ u* R6 r He has to report to the headquarters every two days.(例行公事,习惯动作)
) b j* T6 K8 l; r1 K0 i1 M3 o He has got to report to the headquarters every two days.(一道指示或命令,必得每天报告一次)# d8 d7 x: h# q1 N
另外,作“有”解时,have got和have通常是可以换用的,have got更口语化,但有时表示不同的含义。比较:
5 l! Y! ^* E2 l6 Q0 j The man has a blind eye.那人有一只眼瞎了。4 S/ @9 c! r f6 j3 z( D: _& e4 E: N
The man has got a blue eye.那人有一只眼被打青了。
8 A, J: b3 b7 b0 F4 H1 \ c5 \& l1 | must not表示禁止,是说话人强有力的劝告或命令,意为“一定要,不准”。因此,在回答由must引导的问题时,如果是否定的回答,表示“不必,没有必要”,不能用mustn’t,而要用needn’t或don’t have to.试比较:( u. S4 {( P2 z8 S( U6 P- L
You must not drive fast.你不能开快车。(路险或有速度限制)
2 _0 i% ~3 K3 p! V! o. i) L1 s You needn’t drive fast.(时间充裕)- s; d6 ^' b$ p. K
You must not tell others.(警告)
- g |% n) K! f8 K You needn’t tell others.(没有必要)
2 F6 {1 B5 Y e needs为副词,相当于necessarily, of necessity. must needs和needs must均可表示“必须,必定,不得不”,这层意义上可以通用;但must needs还可表示“偏偏,偏要”,含有讥讽、不满的意思,而needs must则一般无这层意思。例如:
( z D8 w. V# M! C2 j I must needs go there now.& j2 Z: l/ q4 S% |' w* |
我现在非到那里去不可。(可用needs must)* d1 C4 p' J7 N; F- ]0 X& Q3 T
Needs must when the devil drives.1 @( B+ j) {& n3 o" W" b. S
情势所迫不得不那样。$ w1 L" D, h* s% s( q" _9 K) c
She must needs go away when I want her.
% s8 s; R- \7 c- u 我正需要她时,她偏偏离开了。(不可用needs must)
' @9 i& g5 W$ ~' \8 @ The telephone must needs ring when I went to bed.
( U/ ]/ a7 x$ ? 我上床睡觉时偏偏有人来电话。(不可用needs must)& O% l1 K$ m% @- c$ B* z
need指主语的主观特需情况而使之必要。need既可以作助动词,又可以作行为动词。作助动词时,need没有人称和数的变化,后接不带to的不定式(动词原形),否定式为needn’t.作行动动词时,need同别的行为动词一样,有人称和数的变化,后接带to的不定式,否定式要在前面加don’t(doesn’t, didn’t),疑问句用do (does, did) 提问。例如:
3 Q" R/ {9 u. K. E) t1 {! m) ~4 V0 c There need be no hurry, need there?! f+ k: B! t9 K& X8 I
He need never know. (=He never needs to know.); q$ Z9 ^: I |6 ^# P2 J" p3 n
I need only add a few words. (= I only need to add a few words.)
) |: |) h f% }( R, F# F5 a 比较:* N$ b+ ?( X1 M7 f) G
Father sent me the book, so I didn’t need to write to him for it.
3 k! D) S$ k" V; x 父亲把那本书寄来了,所以我不必为此给他写信了。(信没写)% @8 U) g6 G% C% k# C
Father sent me the book, so I needn’t have written to him for it. m6 D3 {4 Q4 O! `
父亲把那本书寄来了,所以我本不该为此再写信给他的。(信已写)) A/ _. N. W _& d
She didn’t need to come.她不必来的。(实际也没来)$ L+ j2 K& r& O1 I* q3 G
She needn’t have come.她本来不必来的。(但却来了); F# ^. R; Z9 b% {- C
Note:* X6 Q# l/ {# D
作助动词用时,need只用于疑问句中和否定句中,在肯定句中常用must, have to, should, ought to等。例如:
0 f7 k$ a2 n, v! d* {0 D9 m Need you do it right now? I needn’t, but he must.
4 @2 |" Q; t4 H She doesn’t need to be told. She has already known it.. i" \5 Z+ a- r& k; W9 ]
(客观情况使得告诉她没有必要:她已经知道)( V& V- w4 g( N4 h9 s0 S
She needn’t be told. We should keep it secret from her.
& ^4 b% p8 I! \, ?2 B (主观上不愿告诉) |