4 限制性和非限制性定语从句
0 o, U- L8 M( _9 N1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如:
) n$ L+ |5 f7 a% L/ Q& c+ B% a This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性)
3 y6 [, S3 t: [0 ?% L# q The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。(非限制性)" D- S+ C$ E C1 `/ P7 _
2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。例如:
C8 U' f! A6 Y& W( a Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师。3 G+ u- J4 u7 {
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。
* K( M- Y0 a/ V# }8 |, F This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人,我已经读了三遍。
+ p( Y/ w3 F( L# N2 L3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。例如:. [9 S7 z" P: E1 O+ @6 C/ Z+ d
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦。7 D& e$ N5 P9 N2 u7 x9 g* \
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发。
0 _% z. Z* ^- N( P4 ~. W( l2 O2 c6 \说明:关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。% u, \9 _0 B' f# ?; G. F! p
$ j( r d, w9 q" G7 A# M8 o5 介词+关系词 - Y" Z- d1 u. D4 T; g d/ B
1)介词后面的关系词不能省略。
" n9 @6 S2 \) U5 G2)that前不能有介词。 ^4 L U9 W4 r; ]3 ]7 B
3)某些在从句中充当时间,地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。例如:& _5 s, |& G) Y% c8 g/ X4 u; S
This is the house in which I lived two years ago. 这是我两年前住过的房子。
. } |7 g f5 [; y6 d This is the house where I lived two years ago.
. x- i% n* ^ m8 i/ o Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? 还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗?7 ~; h5 J2 q! p; r; Q4 J8 ?/ ~
Do you remember the day when you joined our club?8 w' T: Y* M, N, @1 V
) k) ]# G$ I& M! B' e6 as, which 非限定性定语从句 * i) v$ S* `$ G
由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句,as和which可代整个主句,相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首,which在句中。例如:
/ U% g$ h3 G/ Z0 p$ } [2 Z As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. 如我们所知,吸烟有害健康。
7 l3 w0 m3 c6 S+ }8 K) ?" l4 d( w: x: l) H2 G$ H# U/ }2 ~
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. 太阳使地球暖起来,这对我们人类很重要。 |