4.动词的语态:8 }' d+ _- b- F5 G
动词的语态有主动语态(主语是动作的发出者)和被动语态(主语是动作的承受者)。被动语态由be/get+过去分词构成,be/get体现时态变化。主动变被动时,时态保持不变;动作的执行者由by短语表示;get+过去分词侧重动作的效果,通常不与表示一段时间的状语连用,其一般现在时/一般过去时变否定式,疑问时要借助助动词。 3 c) p8 q4 o( }; R$ @ h# F" h They make bikes. & k' d4 y \: |6 S7 T Bikes are made by them." P- R! X6 H0 x/ C6 t) P0 K! S2 n
When did she get married? 1 j7 o8 b6 W: @; z0 d8 H. S$ L0 g How did the window get broken?% ?) z1 l4 |8 X
注意:; z3 r3 O. `+ Y8 b% f
(1)不及物动词一般没有被动语态。1 D8 D8 q6 Z! v
The sun sets in the west.% K q# K& ]( V6 e( @7 n) L8 e4 W
易错的常见的不用被动语态的不及物动词有:rise, set, happen, break out, take place, fall, lie, die, etc. (2)主动句带双宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语)的句子,可将间接宾语或直接宾语变成被动语态的主语,还有一个宾语叫保留宾语。一般将间接宾语变为被动句的主语。当变直 ) n! |+ z3 a7 q 接宾语为被动句的主语时,要在保留宾语(间接宾语)前加一个介词to(给,表方向)或for(替)。; A7 |$ O3 v$ l% [( w+ `
My mother gave me a book. ' s$ Y3 D# s4 D, W P2 d5 k I was given a book.% J% i3 h/ F5 @$ K8 g9 t
A book was given to me./ I3 u* k# L6 D% W0 x
(3)主动句带有复合宾语时,变为被动句时宾语补足语保留在谓语动词之后,改称为主语补足语即主补。当宾补是不带to的不定式时,被动句中原省略的to要加上。 : V4 n2 J- @$ X The boss made us work ten hours a day. % L- j% t$ Z$ G n! k We were made to work ten hours a day.7 c6 g) A% ]- ~
(4)含有动-介/动-副/动-副-介等短语动词的句子,变成被动语态时,要把这些短语看成一个整体(相当于一个动词),不能漏掉任何词。7 r' F9 t+ B& A$ U- l6 F
The nurses look after the patients well.