虚拟语气
) J# c7 l$ T2 F) \: j- V" e 1) 概念
7 n8 C9 a# N, u0 ? 虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想,所说的是一个条件,不一定是事实,或与事实相反。
( n. `( [2 [ |% B9 S) U( G 2) 在条件句中的应用 # t5 @9 Y1 t; x, f" n( Q) x( W' e
条件句可分为两类,一类为真实条件句,一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况,故采用虚拟语气。
% W" M5 ~" M N% _0 P' Z V 1 真实条件句 7 y/ A+ b/ }/ o% }% _
真实条件句用于陈述语气,假设的情况可能发生,其中 if 是如果的意思。
( S! X: @' R% @. N 时态关系 - d5 ~, V8 n& A/ M" @
句型: 条件从句 主句
0 K' z5 _' b: B 一般现在时 shall/will + 动词原形
1 o1 y; X4 ~* y4 O1 X" A: M0 f If he comes, he will bring his violin.
' _/ U) ~3 {/ W1 N) X$ i 典型例题 - [+ u( m! L2 j7 f
The volleyball match will be put off if it ___. 7 d7 C9 e+ m: K1 u& W
A. will rain B. rains C. rained D. is rained
! j* J2 x. A, w7 q$ g 答案B。真实条件句主句为将来时,从句用一般现在时。
, T: U' M- Z% }; q 注意:
" L( T# |2 q: q! B4 v* Y2 k: @ 1) 在真实条件句中,主句不能用be going to表示将来,该用shall, will.
2 N; z- g$ K0 D (错) If you leave now, you are never going to regret it. 4 q' c5 O4 x9 B! [
(对) If you leave now, you will never regret it. % n4 P8 z A6 x' n4 C. j+ Z
2) 表示真理时,主句谓语动词便不用shall (will) +动词原形,而直接用一般现在时的动词形式。
- M- X" e% ^5 Q5 c$ k6 Y" t9 N+ x2 } 2 非真实条件句
$ C! j. w+ M! j' T 1)时态:可以表示过去,现在和将来的情况。它的基本特点是时态退后。 9 @0 Y: q* S i/ g. r4 H4 H6 }
a. 同现在事实相反的假设。
6 \& c* J2 ] l" ? 句型 : 条件从句 主句 P/ d3 w% d! z- x, q3 ^: \8 ^* R
一般过去时 should( would) +动词原形 . j2 t' Q3 p) g0 U3 R
If they were here, they would help you.
) s: _( [) T) |- w# c b. 表示于过去事实相反的假设。 9 B" X3 c* T- a. U( M* Z/ @
句型: 条件从句 主句
( O% C1 @% b3 Y& x! a; o 过去完成时 should(would) have+ 过去分词 2 ]* Q7 ~: ^: ~7 o+ m, ^
If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded.
: [. b$ X. z# p0 |5 h" b u The rice would not have been burnt if you had been more careful.
3 {- h e1 w' F/ [$ n6 ~% G+ F If my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going.
L3 M+ I! ~3 l4 J$ P If he had come yesterday, I should / would have told him about it.
; g3 N; o+ |/ s F. O/ \5 ~; o( ` 含义:He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it. $ n* Z, B5 p& g* ?. l& x4 t9 L
If he had not been ill and missed many classes, he would have made greater progress. 1 `$ i( k, u, [% S/ Z6 M1 A
含义: He was ill and missed many lessons, so he did not make greater progress.
, S. Z7 }" p P: q3 \ c. 表示对将来的假想
, c. D( q' \1 M" |7 f8 g2 l; _8 m 句型: 条件从句 主句 www.Examw.CoM
# O$ v' a! ~6 u 一般过去时 should+ 动词原形
) a6 }4 W% A8 \* M( y were+ 不定式 would + 动词原形 6 |& ~9 I8 t8 ]/ F% S
should+ 动词原形
: R$ s$ S0 ?/ j. Q- o" h& F If you succeeded, everything would be all right. 2 Q _% a9 ~! f# y3 C
If you should succeed, everything would be all right. ' ~. h/ [8 y6 |: s4 V% u
If you were to succeed, everything would be all right. * I, i5 }8 n6 b, Q
3 混合条件句
+ e7 c$ N0 U% D% d 主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间,这时主,从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同,这叫做混合条件句。
. ~0 t* m* ?$ m% N8 q3 d If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now.
; N* M* K5 a8 w- G- z Z4 r7 A. F (从句与过去事实相反,主句与现在事实相反。) 4 A4 H" }3 g, x0 w" `9 K! ?8 \
If it had rained last night (过去), it would be very cold today (现在). $ J2 i8 O- { E
4 虚拟条件句的倒装 & d* k3 {2 S. [; J$ t4 _/ \$ E
虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if省略,再把were, should或had 移到从句句首,实行倒装。 # J) A7 _* ]/ t; y. H) K
Were they here now, they could help us. 7 R( b7 F6 A3 \5 \# g) u, y5 D
=If they were here now, they could help us.
0 r2 i, ]& |7 {0 s9 f7 w Had you come earlier, you would have met him 1 l! e! F- t* P9 w
=If you had come earlier, you would have met him.
% P2 V, Y4 }- o. @, e+ k- m Should it rain, the crops would be saved. 中华考试论坛8 p; p& K! ]. y
=Were it to rain, the crops would be saved. ' q/ x! p. I, h2 T, n9 N3 u) y# Q
注意: - e G% F8 c0 w( ?1 F0 J
在虚拟语气的从句中,动词’be’的过去时态一律用"were",不用was, 即在从句中be用were代替。
$ ^" d# U" `4 y5 }1 E If I were you, I would go to look for him. - T0 u+ L5 O; I. Q
如果我是你,就会去找他。
6 p' F$ ~' p" p5 G( t9 U$ _ If he were here, everything would be all right. * W. S9 Z$ G' l1 f+ m
如果他在这儿,一切都会好的。 6 n1 n' m! {$ F; J! b
典型例题
9 Y0 r$ H" J/ Q) Z( z$ I _____ to do the work, I should do it some other day.
, X$ J2 l% R2 J8 |: K5 v! C A. If were I B. I were C. Were I D. Was I & e1 g& R3 x, z" d
答案C. 在虚拟条件状语中如果有were, should, had这三个词,通常将if省略,主语提前, 变成 were, should, had +主语的形式。但要注意,在虚拟条件状语从句中,省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说 Were I not to do., 而不能说 Weren’t I to do. |