在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses)。 名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
) d' A% E% V- M4 m( j17.1 引导名词性从句的连接词
5 |8 _4 F. i6 z, K1 g" {; Q3 Q引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:! N; i' V7 |' r- ~7 o3 W' ]8 I
连接词:that,whether,if 不充当从句的任何成分). n* _5 P- z7 H( A; j. p
连接代词:what, whatever, who, whoever, whom,whose, which.& d9 `1 Y' H2 @# t
连接副词:when, where, how, why
* @6 O# j* M- b! V不可省略的连词:
* z3 P& k. S% k6 w% A. j) G1 I6 U b1. 介词后的连词# g$ X. u, h. V* N9 ?* \" g
2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。5 A5 K4 I+ s' l9 U
That she was chosen made us very happy.( D4 j4 n1 h) T9 q T7 T
We heard the news that our team had won.
' b2 s* F0 | V) f比较:whether与if 均为“是否”的意思。 但在下列情况下,whether 不能被if 取代:, e2 G4 M0 ]6 z. } v( \
1. whether引导主语从句并在句首
0 h5 C, b+ n5 R3 c+ G8 C2. 引导表语从句; k, ]9 {# T' D
3. whether从句作介词宾语
5 U, Y, Z3 K7 v4 a. }3 Q4. 从句后有“or not”* H+ [5 g+ q9 @, P
Whether he will come is not clear.
j" s" a0 Z$ S: W) Y/ B大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末,用 it充当形式主语。
6 ] ~" O( H3 H6 cIt is not important who will go.
1 w4 G' F' G! r1 Z" HIt is still unknown which team will win the match.3 k- f9 a, g% F: Y2 w
17.2 名词性that-从句
( Q: r. ~6 x) s+ ?/ a$ M& ]" t1)由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。 That只起连接主句和从句的作用,在从句中不担任任何成分,本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主 语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语,例如:% C9 t2 o+ A3 {( k
主语:That he is still alive is sheer luck.
# z) g! z) o" d# N他还活着全靠运气。' q. c8 Y9 H5 v+ Y
宾语:John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday." T% t8 t' o2 z1 U
约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。3 |6 K* p" V3 U# B5 w
表语:The fact is that he has not been seen recently.1 }+ U8 G& U) u8 }& _
事实是近来谁也没有见过他。
: e4 n% y' M T4 U8 _! N同位语:The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office., J1 O" p/ J% Q
近来谁也没有见过他,这一事实令办公室所有的人不安。6 r, o* J3 I/ ^5 v
形容词宾语:I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.
) z \8 d" v- F& q) U/ j, C你对工作满意我感到很高兴。
8 _; L" ^# L1 f: A& X! s) z2)That-从句作主语通常用it作先行词,而将that-从句置于句末,例如:" ]& y/ B: N( @& m+ ?% T
It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.6 w6 E$ a7 e, O, h0 L( q) z% Z8 k+ w* G
很清楚,整个计划注定要失败。1 x+ K, d/ M/ B8 [9 Y0 V* [
It’s a pity that you should have to leave.% I3 G1 q; v$ N
你非走不可真是件憾事。
$ |1 j, r, E& o/ Z$ V用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系:
% K9 e0 l+ V, |6 Sa. It + be +形容词+ that-从句
0 n9 V7 j8 g- z, P: s/ x9 VIt is necessary that… 有必要……
9 ~' B& N4 x' P2 P' K1 eIt is important that… 重要的是……/ \4 T, D4 M& e! Z) a
It is obvious that… 很明显……% [0 C% [4 ?' }7 k
b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句6 G5 Q, {3 T9 l, X% M5 M
It is believed that… 人们相信……. ]5 b! i) w# z3 ]
It is known to all that… 从所周知……
. S9 M* L) n: ?7 dIt has been decided that… 已决定……( b( [! s+ A' @& O
c. It + be +名词+ that-从句/ ^1 g2 p5 B6 U
It is common knowledge that… ……是常识
5 A5 _7 e3 r* e5 g4 DIt is a surprise that… 令人惊奇的是……. e( _- h3 T+ a( j
It is a fact that… 事实是……
2 }3 V" E1 s5 G! j @1 u0 ?d. It +不及物动词+ that-分句
/ v+ Y3 Z4 F/ ^/ V: mIt appears that… 似乎……* V' @& q- w3 l' J0 o9 Z; P
It happens that… 碰巧……
! n/ y" S& a) Z4 L& aIt occurred to me that… 我突然想起……7 ~, b. U: Y1 ]
17.3 名词性wh-从句
6 T7 X( v# B8 Z! }' }1)由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括who, whom,。 whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词。Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外,还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等,例如:
/ o* j* m( \5 D- S主语: How the book will sell depends on its author. 书销售如何取决于作者本人。
# [: \- O* e; j& f J& [; i- ^直接宾语:In one’s own home one can do what one likes. 在自己家里可以随心所欲。) r4 H# `. A+ Z$ ^; \$ E% U5 g
间接宾语:The club will give whoever wins a prize. |