在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses)。 名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。" L [4 o- K) f
17.1 引导名词性从句的连接词8 g% _: T; M! j+ u
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:
) n* e1 C9 ~( F1 i( C# L; e 连接词:that,whether,if 不充当从句的任何成分)" v0 j0 W3 D! p% `
连接代词:what, whatever, who, whoever, whom,whose, which.0 e) Q8 K5 v' |- q: k
连接副词:when, where, how, why
3 c% e4 T2 {1 d; V( g( N- R& [ 不可省略的连词:' `. w5 n/ g, d+ q2 ~, b
1. 介词后的连词
h" t/ h% J, F6 G. K 2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。/ Y) X2 y/ `, `
That she was chosen made us very happy.! K4 m Q" \1 b" B
We heard the news that our team had won.( B4 M8 M1 n& q! N8 [8 k5 S4 Y
比较:whether与if 均为"是否"的意思。 但在下列情况下,whether 不能被if 取代:
6 p" w) f+ ?, [6 q' d6 _. e 1. whether引导主语从句并在句首
& L4 n3 Y. e% t! F 2. 引导表语从句2 A2 }, S$ J/ ~+ b; \) |
3. whether从句作介词宾语
* a, U) H, S" Y 4. 从句后有"or not"* w( s' R& K2 d# ]* K! \- _
Whether he will come is not clear.4 ~- A4 m8 M8 A1 r( Y: J& h
大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末,用 it充当形式主语。0 h& E$ ~# J- O" l' h
It is not important who will go.' z" i3 c Y* g6 f: z% }
It is still unknown which team will win the match.1 t0 S9 o$ V1 r v
17.2 名词性that-从句7 G7 m& Q6 @5 D: r4 T
1)由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。 That只起连接主句和从句的作用,在从句中不担任任何成分,本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主 语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语,例如:
0 L$ j0 r! E2 M5 K 主语:That he is still alive is sheer luck. 他还活着全靠运气。- u7 Y+ P5 F5 j) t2 t3 [. l, T
宾语:John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday. 约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。
+ D0 q4 f! ^) a6 G5 _5 m( s 表语:The fact is that he has not been seen recently. 事实是近来谁也没有见过他。' W) [5 ? X7 U1 e- S$ V
同位语:The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office.
1 i$ u% C4 `. s4 a& d8 z& V1 j7 B 近来谁也没有见过他,这一事实令办公室所有的人不安。
! \ J" w6 E. P 形容词宾语:I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.
! R) G6 n2 ~2 X 你对工作满意我感到很高兴。
* Z6 l1 c' W4 @; k6 X+ ^5 L+ o: c 2)That-从句作主语通常用it作先行词,而将that-从句置于句末,例如:, @0 Z: l& z4 ~8 N
It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure. 很清楚,整个计划注定要失败。1 ^: c# ]1 ?9 u3 Q3 l; F: A
It’s a pity that you should have to leave. 你非走不可真是件憾事。% \, ]) f0 P& b/ B
用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系:
$ N* [* J3 i: K a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句$ A4 ]( m: G) _8 f% N1 [0 L" |5 ^0 Z. I
It is necessary that… 有必要……' B5 e6 O/ l* C+ }
It is important that… 重要的是……
/ F! w. r4 B/ Q# a8 B8 M0 m7 S/ k2 ~7 i It is obvious that… 很明显……5 H. z- u" @6 ?# v
b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句
1 _" {$ f! L" s3 ?! \/ s; f( r1 C It is believed that… 人们相信……
* {! s* Y1 k% c" P8 i It is known to all that… 从所周知……2 _" i3 R+ `: z! }
It has been decided that… 已决定……) f& z4 X% [+ A) ?
c. It + be +名词+ that-从句
! e, \9 [$ {, r. O1 _3 b. v% x: M It is common knowledge that… ……是常识) `2 F+ l! K/ u2 y
It is a surprise that… 令人惊奇的是……& N3 e+ O: w" q1 Y
It is a fact that… 事实是……* ^3 O$ v0 F3 n+ L, U/ Y4 m- Z( V9 V
d. It +不及物动词+ that-分句. B& q+ r: v: W# s4 @' ?
It appears that… 似乎……
" u* K1 |7 |$ Q2 y2 M1 T It happens that… 碰巧……
$ b- ^+ q" R) Y' S- `! r0 y# ~ It occurred to me that… 我突然想起……
3 \! M0 D6 j) u: ^! y' v9 } 17.3 名词性wh-从句
! }% y) s) a7 T& b/ P 1)由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括who, whom,. whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词。Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外,还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等,例如:
9 U+ k/ E( i2 N- {' n% N 主语: How the book will sell depends on its author. 书销售如何取决于作者本人。8 |) h% O4 G( w9 H' }6 Z. x
直接宾语:In one’s own home one can do what one likes. 在自己家里可以随心所欲。! I5 @, r3 E0 G5 c. I9 u& B
间接宾语:The club will give whoever wins a prize. |