公共英语五级语法辅导：虚拟语气

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　   虚拟语气
: Y" N  I& ]! G0 \& l　　1） 概念
1 g+ g' J9 B$ W" w+ p% r　　虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。
( n0 G& p4 _: r　　2） 在条件句中的应用
　　条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。
　　1 真实条件句
, d. k' e3 ^  s　　真实条件句用于陈述语气，假设的情况可能发生，其中 if 是如果的意思。
5 D9 ~" ]0 Y5 k$ q+ ~' u　　时态关系
8 D- ^. b( H2 S" q* {7 \　　句型： 条件从句　　　 主句
　　一般现在时　　 shall/will + 动词原形
　　If he comes, he will bring his violin.
$ ^9 A! @- k4 r/ q( r　　典型例题
　　The volleyball match will be put off if it ___.
　　A.　will rain　 B. rains　 C. rained　 D. is rained
8 r& K) G3 D) o2 h2 T' d　　答案B。真实条件句主句为将来时，从句用一般现在时。
　　注意：
　　1） 在真实条件句中，主句不能用be going to表示将来，该用shall, will.
　　(错) If you leave now, you are never going to regret it.
/ L1 G/ k" r8 {# G; k2 B　　(对) If you leave now, you will never regret it.
% y1 E5 d: W8 f　　2） 表示真理时，主句谓语动词便不用shall (will) +动词原形，而直接用一般现在时的动词形式。
　　2 非真实条件句
& Q. Y" \! j; T& [: X5 f& k　　1）时态：可以表示过去，现在和将来的情况。它的基本特点是时态退后。
/ R& i9 E( G: Y　　a.　 同现在事实相反的假设。
　　句型 ： 条件从句　　　　　主句
　　一般过去时　　　should( would) +动词原形
　　If they were here, they would help you.
　　b.　 表示于过去事实相反的假设。
　　句型： 条件从句　　　　　 主句
' ?4 C+ H$ ?0 u2 @# m　　过去完成时　　　 should(would) have+ 过去分词
　　If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded.
　　The rice would not have been burnt if you had been more careful.
8 U4 H2 @: \# |; ~  ]( c　　If my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going.
　　If he had come yesterday, I should / would have told him about it.
　　含义：He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it.
　　If he had not been ill and missed many classes, he would have made greater progress.
1 l7 s" X+ Z5 a  a　　含义： He was ill and missed many lessons, so he did not make greater progress.
# v6 k& T" W) y  N% i　　c.　 表示对将来的假想
　　句型：　 条件从句　　　　　　 主句
! c4 Y0 p, W( j" [5 g; U　　一般过去时　　　　　 should+ 动词原形
" i& Y# y+ t+ P; _1 `' l# V" J　　were+ 不定式　　　　 would + 动词原形
  {- }- k( B. A5 ?8 m　　should+ 动词原形
　　If you succeeded, everything would be all right.
　　If you should succeed, everything would be all right.
　　If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.
　　3 混合条件句
4 F- {0 z; R, [! M0 Q6 g% M　　主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，这时主，从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这叫做混合条件句。
7 }& `; A3 N8 ?+ e% s; W　　If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now.
' k# j  \/ n1 b4 n( _　　（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。）
　　If it had rained last night (过去), it would be very cold today (现在).
　　4 虚拟条件句的倒装
　　虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if省略，再把were, should或had 移到从句句首，实行倒装。
" I) O# A/ R! ~　　Were they here now, they could help us.
* N8 _" C6 |9 C　　=If they were here now, they could help us.
1 M8 f0 v; T* F5 n& G7 P) `  C0 C) C　　Had you come earlier, you would have met him
　　=If you had come earlier, you would have met him.
　　Should it rain, the crops would be saved.